全国人民代表大会兜底职权的界定  

Definition of the Miscellaneous Provision in the Chinese Constitution on the Powers of the National People's Congress

作　　者：赖伟能 Lai Weineng

机构地区：[1]中国人民公安大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2024年第1期74-91,共18页Global Law Review

基　　金：2023年度研究阐释党的二十大精神国家社会科学基金重大项目“国家治理现代化背景下保证宪法全面实施制度体系研究”(23ZDA074)的研究成果。

摘　　要：“应当由最高国家权力机关行使的其他职权”是我国宪法上国家机构教义学体系建构的基石之一。兜底条款的意涵具有模糊性和开放性,需要明晰和限定。迄今为止,我国对全国人大兜底职权的经验研究和规范建构均有不足。以《宪法》第62条为核心,基于全国人大行使职权的实践,可以在全国人大职权体系中对兜底职权进行消极界定和积极界定。通过消极界定,可以将基于立法权行使的立法性决定、全国人大列举职权的发展性权力、《宪法》在第62条之外规定的全国人大权力、其他国家机构的宪定职权等排除在兜底职权的规范内涵之外。通过积极界定,可以将在宪法列举职权中无法容纳而又具有远景性、总体性的重大事项决定,宪制改革试验,填补宪法未预见的制度空白等作为行使兜底职权的可能情形,为全国人大应对新问题提供宪法依据,保证其权力行使的规范性和正确性。The miscellaneous provision on the powers of the National People's Congress(NPC)in Article 62(16)of the Chinese Constitution,represents a cornerstone in the doctrinal construction of state institutions in the Chinese constitutional system.The NPC,as the highest organ of state power in China,traditionally has been perceived in constitutional scholarship as having"plenipotential,supreme,and infinite powers."However,as China's reform deepens and political practices evolve,questions regarding the boundaries of the powers of the highest organ of state power have gradually emerged.The principle of limited government and the principle of exercise of public power only when authorized by law are basic tenets of modern constitutional states.The powers of state organs are typically constrained by enumeration,but miscellaneous provisions,as a legislative technique,exhibit characteristics of ambiguity and openness and further increase the ambiguity of boundaries of powers.Therefore,it is essential to conduct a normative analysis of the miscellaneous provision in the Constitution on the NPC's powers,so as to clarify and limit through a systematic interpretation of the normative connotations of the functions and powers of the highest organ of state power.The Constitution establishes the power structure of the NPC with Article 62 of the Constitution at its core.Based on the practice of the NPC in the exercise of its powers,both negative and positive delineations can be made for the miscellaneous provision.The negative delineation method establishes what does not constitute a power under the miscellaneous provision,while the positive delineation determines what falls under the purview of the miscellaneous provision.Through negative delineation,this paper excludes from the normative content of the miscellaneous provision legislative decisions based on the exercise of legislative power,the developmental authority of the NPC's enumerated powers,the NPC's powers specified by the Constitution beyond Article 62,and constitutional power

关 键 词：兜底条款 全国人大 立法性决定 重大事项决定权 列举职权 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]