论行政主体主张公法不当得利返还的法律进路  

On the Legal Approach to Administrative Subjects Advocating for the Return of Unjust Enrichment in Administrative Law

作　　者：张洪波 汪义双 ZHANG Hongbo;WANG Yishuang(School of Law,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学法学院,天津300350

出　　处：《西南政法大学学报》2024年第1期49-62,共14页Journal of Southwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：天津市社科规划项目“民法典给付型财产返还规则的内容与体系研究”(TJFX22-004)。

摘　　要：公法不当得利返还请求权与民法不当得利返还请求权、行政赔偿请求权、结果除去请求权及公法无因管理请求权存在显著差别,具有独立存在价值,不能被其他请求权替代。在类型化视角下,行政主体以何种方式向行政相对人主张不当得利返还,迄今尚无定论。既有法律进路多属德国法的翻版,与我国立法实践及理论实务存在较大隔阂,值得商榷。行政机关直接以行政处分的方式请求返还,有违背行政合法性原则之嫌;以一般给付诉讼的方式请求返还,与行政诉讼法的价值理念及诉讼结构显有扞格;以反向行政诉讼的方式请求返还,与现行诉讼体制机制存在难以逾越的鸿沟。鉴于此,以提起民事诉讼的方式请求返还,或可成为破解当前诉讼困境的有益尝试。其不仅契合行政诉讼与民事诉讼的本旨,还符合公私法交融的发展趋向和司法实务的裁判立场,更可借此铸造有别于德国法的本土化进路。There are significant differences between the right to request the return of unjust enrichment in public law and the right to request the return of unjust enrichment in civil law.Additionally,there are differences in the right to request administrative compensation,the right to request the removal of results,and the right to request the unconditional management of public law,each of which has independent intrinsic value and cannot be replaced.From the perspective of typology,there has been ongoing controversy over how administrative entities advocate for the return of unjust enrichment to the administrative counterpart.Most of the existing legal approaches are replicas of extraterritorial legislation and theory,which have a significant gap with China's legislative and theoretical practice,and are worth discussing.The administrative authority directly requests a return through administrative sanctions,which is suspected of violating the principle of administrative legality.Requesting the return in the form of general payment litigation in administrative litigation does not conform to the value concept and litigation structure of administrative litigation.There is an insurmountable gap between requesting return through reverse administrative litigation and the current litigation system mechanism.In view of this,requesting return through filing a civil lawsuit may become a beneficial attempt to solve the current litigation dilemma.It not only aligns with the essence of administrative litigation and civil litigation,but also conforms to the development trend of public-private integration and the judicial position of judicial practice,and can achieve a localization approach that is different from the traditional approach.

关 键 词：公法不当得利 行政主体 行政处分 行政诉讼 民事诉讼 

分 类 号：DF522[政治法律—民商法学]