冷战期间的美苏科学合作与竞争——以“国际地球物理年”为中心的考察  

The U.S.-Soviet Co-operation and Competition in Science during the Cold War:An Examination Focusing on the‘International Geophysical Year'(1957-1958)

作　　者：史宏飞 Shi Hongfei

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史学系(珠海)、国际组织史研究中心

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第6期19-37,156,157,共21页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“科学家与美国核政策的演变研究(1939—1972)”(项目编号:19CSS021)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：1957—1958年的“国际地球物理年”是由科学家发起,全球六十多个国家和地区的科学家参与的大规模国际科学合作活动。科学研究具有的民族主义与国际主义的双重属性,既反映在科学家推动“国际地球物理年”进行的过程里,又体现于美苏两国政府为展示科学实力、获得冷战优势而支持这项活动的考量中。南极科考和外层空间探测是“国际地球物理年”的两项重要内容。在此期间,南极科考项目的推进促成极地科考国际合作机制的建立和《南极条约》的达成。美苏为了获得外层空间优势而进行的卫星竞赛,引发了“太空时代”美苏的科技合作与竞争。“国际地球物理年”的开展不仅促进了科技的发展,还在一定程度上改善了20世纪50年代的美苏关系,留下了重要的国际关系遗产。苏联积极投身南极科考合作交流,使美国将苏联排除出南极的“国际化”政策意图无法实现,避免了冷战扩展到南极和南极的军事化。美苏科学家达成的有关太空研究的合作规则,为此后国际社会的科学研究奠定了基础。The‘International Geophysical Year'(IGY,1957-1958)was a large-scale international scientific collaboration initiated by scientists with the participation of scientists from more than 60 countries and regions all over the world.The dual attributes of nationalism and internationalism in scientific research were reflected in both the process of scientists'promotion of the IGY and the consideration of the U.S.and Soviet governments'support for the IGY in order to demonstrate their scientific strength and gain the Cold War superiority.Antarctic expeditions and outer space exploration were two important contents of the IGY.During this period,the implementation of the Antarctic expeditions led to the establishment of an international co-operation mechanism for the polar research and the conclusion of the Antarctic Treaty.The U.S.-Soviet satellite race to gain an ascendancy in outer space triggered their scientific and technological co-operation and competition in the‘space age'.The IGY not only promoted the development of science and technology,but also improved the U.S.-Soviet relations in the 1950s to a certain extent,leaving an important legacy in international relations.The Soviet Union's active participation in the Antarctic scientific research co-operation and exchanges prevented the U.S.from realising its‘internationalisation'policy intention of excluding the Soviet Union from Antarctica,and prevented the spread of the Cold War to Antarctica and its militarisation.The principles of co-operation in space research reached by the U.S.and Soviet scientists provided the basis for the scientific research in the international community in the following years.

关 键 词：美苏冷战 科学合作 国际地球物理年 南极条约 卫星竞赛 

分 类 号：P941.61-09[天文地球—自然地理学] N8[自然科学总论]