16世纪德意志地区的狩猎权问题与农村社会秩序的转型  

The Hunting Rights Issue and the Transformation of the Rural Social Order in 16^(th)-Century Germany

作　　者：王倩 Wang Qian

机构地区：[1]北京大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第6期64-75,158,159,共14页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“近代国家构建视野下的德意志社会主义起源研究”(项目编号:22CSS015)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在16世纪的德意志地区,狩猎权问题凸显,这一现象有其深刻的社会背景,折射了中世纪晚期至近代早期德意志农村社会秩序转型过程中各阶层的博弈。诸侯在区域化集权的邦国构建进程中,通过强调排外性狩猎权来向属民展示至高统治权威,并以此来拓展邦国统治权;地方领主和下层贵族面对封建主义危机,将争夺狩猎权作为维持传统身份特权的一种手段,并通过恢复农奴制来强化领主权,以侵占农村公社的狩猎资源。这两种争夺狩猎权的斗争都威胁到农村公社的自治权和农民的公地资源使用权,是转型时期农村社会秩序危机的表现。1525年农民战争呈现了不同于中世纪传统农民起义的新特征。其目标从限制领主滥用狩猎特权,修复封建契约关系,上升到财产权层面。农民要求将野兽资源收归公社所有,争取自由狩猎权。这一目标反映了农民以农村公社的自治原则和公共利益精神为依据,自下而上地塑造农村社会新秩序的尝试。The issue relating to hunting rights was particularly prominent in the German rural society at the beginning of the 16thcentury.This phenomenon had profound social background,reflecting the competition of different social ranks in the transformation of the rural social order in Germany from the late medieval to early modern times.In the process of territorial state building,the princes sought to establish exclusive hunting rights to demonstrate their supreme ruling authority.The local lords and lower-level nobles adopted hunting rights as a means of maintaining their traditional privileges facing the crisis of feudalism,and then encroached on the rural communes'hunting resources by recovering the serfdom.Both of these struggles threatened the autonomy of rural communes and the peasants'using right of common lands.Under such circumstance,the 1525 Peasant War demonstrates new features which are different from medieval peasant uprisings,with the goal which has risen from limiting the lords'abuse of hunting privileges and repairing feudal contractual relationships to fight for property rights.Peasants demanded that wild animal resources should be restored to the communes and strived for free hunting rights.This goal reflects peasants'attempt to reshape the rural social order from the bottom up,based on the autonomy principle and common good spirit of rural communes.

关 键 词：德意志诸侯邦国 农村社会秩序 狩猎权 自治公社 农民战争 

分 类 号：D751.6[政治法律—政治学] F351.6[政治法律—中外政治制度]