从“东西对立”到“内外有别”:西汉国家政治地理结构演变——以《二年律令·秩律》《汉书·地理志》郡级政区排序为视角  

From“East-West Opposition”to“Distinction Between Inner and Outer”:The Evolution of the Political Geography Structure of the Western Han Dynasty——A Perspective Based on the Ranking of Commandery-Level Administrative Units in the“Statutes and Ordinances of the Second Year-Statutes on Ranks” and“Administrative Geography of the Book of Han”

作　　者：马孟龙[1] MA Menglong

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第1期52-68,共17页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“出土简牍文献与秦汉县邑定位研究”(项目编号:22BZS013)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：张家山汉简《二年律令·秩律》政区排序显示,汉朝存在以内史为核心,自西向东排列“关中郡”“关外郡”两个政治地理层级。这种政治地理结构乃针对关东诸侯王国而建设,呈“东西对立”态势。汉武帝元封年间,汉朝政治地理结构发生重大转变,汉郡分化为边郡、内郡。内郡中的弘农郡、“三河”地位抬升,带有“准京畿”的特征。由此汉朝国家政治地理结构形成以三辅、弘农郡、“三河”为核心,外围环绕内郡,再环绕边郡的圈层政治地理结构。诸侯王国被纳入汉朝国家政治地理结构后,政治地位与内郡相似。《汉书·地理志》郡级政区排序虽然呈现“京畿—内郡—边郡”政治地理结构,却将王国排列于边郡之后,同时强调“关中郡”的特殊地位,与西汉末年国家政治地理构造实况存在一定差异。这体现出汉初“以关中制关外”“封藩屏蔽”的政治理念对政治地理观念的塑造,仍发挥作用。In the Zhangjiashan Han bamboo slips “Statutes and Ordinances of the Second Year-Statutes on Ranks”,the ranking of commandery-level administrative units reveals a two-layered political geographic system during the Han dynasty,with “commanderies within the Passes” and “commanderies outside the Passes”,extending from west to east in sequence.This political geographic structure,established in response to the feudal states in the east,manifested itself as an “East-West opposition”.During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the Yuanfeng era,a significant transformation occurred in the political geographic structure of the Han dynasty,dividing the Han commandery system into border commanderies and inner commanderies.In addition,the status of Hongnong commandery and the Sanhe commanderies was elevated within the inner commanderies,bearing features of a “quasi-Capital Area”.As a result,the Han state's political geography was characterized by a three-layered structure:at its core were the Sanfu,Hongnong,and Sanhe commanderies,which were then surrounded by inner commanderies,and further encircled by border commanderies.After the feudal states were incorporated into the Han Dynasty's geopolitical system,their political status became similar to that of the inner commanderies.Although the ranking of commandery-level administrative units in the “Administrative Geography of the Book of Han” presents a political-geographic structure of “Capital Area-inner commanderies-border commanderies”,it,however,places the feudal states after the border commanderies.Meanwhile,this arrangement emphasizes the special status of the commanderies within the Passes,diverging from the actual structure of the political geography at the end of the Western Han.This reflects how the early Han political ideologies of “using the Guanzhong to keep the guanwai in check”and “enfeoffment on states as a barrier” continued to play a role in shaping the political geography during this period.

关 键 词：政治地理 国家政治地理结构 《二年律令·秩律》 《汉书·地理志》 郡级政区排序 

分 类 号：K234[历史地理—历史学] K928.6[历史地理—中国史]