《民法典》第1207条“产品责任中的惩罚性赔偿”评注  

Comments on Article 1207 of the Civil Code“Punitive Compensation in Product Liability”

作　　者：李承亮[1] 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《清华法律评论》2023年第1期96-124,共29页Tsinghua Law Review

摘　　要：《民法典》第1207条以产品“存在缺陷”为要件,法院可以在保障人体健康和人身、财产安全的国家标准、行业标准之外对产品的安全性做实质性判断,并进而决定是否适用该条的惩罚性赔偿责任;而《食品安全法》第148条第2款第1句是以食品“不符合安全标准”为要件,法院在食品安全标准之外对食品是否安全做实质判断,对于该规定的适用并无实质意义。《民法典》第1207条将造成他人死亡或者健康严重损害规定为惩罚性赔偿的构成要件,就是明确了明知产品存在缺陷的购买者不享有该条规定的惩罚性赔偿请求权。该条规定的惩罚性赔偿,应当按照计算基数乘以惩罚倍数计算,而不应当由法院任意酌定。被侵权人的实际损失难以准确确定不应成为任意酌定惩罚性赔偿的理由。死亡和健康损害本身不能以金钱衡量,不适合作为惩罚性赔偿的计算基数,但针对死亡和健康损害的赔偿金额却可以作为惩罚性赔偿的计算基数。该条“相应的惩罚性赔偿”这一表述中,“相应的”这一限定语主要是针对弹性赔偿倍数,而不是针对计算基数。Article 1207 of the Civil Code takes“defective product”as a requirement.The court can make substantive judgments on the safety of the product in addition to national or sectoral standards for ensuring human health and personal and property safety,and then decide whether to apply this article.The first sentence of paragraph 2 of Article 148 of the Food Safety Law takes“the food that fails to meet food safety standards”as a requirement,whether the court can make substantive judgments on the safety of the food,makes no difference to the application of this provision.Causing death or serious damage to health is a constituent element of punitive compensation,which means that the purchaser who knows that the product has defects does not have the right to claim punitive compensation under this article.The punitive compensation shall be calculated based on the calculation base multiplied by the penalty multiple,and shall not be arbitrarily determined by the court.The actual loss of the infringed is difficult to be determined accurately should not be a reason for discretionary punitive compensation.Death and health damage itself cannot be measured in money,and it is not suitable as the calculation base of punitive compensation,but the amount of compensation for death and health damage can be used as the calculation base of punitive compensation.In the expression of“corresponding punitive compensation”in this article,“corresponding”is used to limit the multiple of flexible compensation,not for the calculation base.

关 键 词：惩罚性赔偿 行为要件 后果要件 计算基数 惩罚倍数 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]