明代孔府祭田的形成、管理与钱粮差徭  

The Formation,Management and Taxes and Corvee of the Confucius Mansion in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：胡杰文 吴佩林 Hu Jiewen;Wu Peilin

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学人文学院历史系,上海200240 [2]曲阜师范大学历史文化学院、孔府档案研究院,曲阜273165

出　　处：《国际儒学（中英文）》2023年第4期136-148,184,185,共15页International Studies on Confucianism

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助重点项目“明代《孔府档案》整理与研究”(21FZSA007);国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项“中国历史上地方治理的实践及启示”(22VLS005)。

摘　　要：明初太祖给予孔府募佃开垦祭田的权利。在华北移民屯垦的浪潮下,孔府在郓城、巨野、曹州等县开垦祭田,最终形成以五屯为主、规模近2 000顷的祭田。此外,朝廷拨赐500户佃户隶籍孔府,是为“钦拨户”,其余参与祭田开垦的佃户则为孔府的“寄庄户”。屯户被编入排甲中,一体办纳屯粮,钦拨屯户还需应当府内差徭。基于对五屯祭田与钦拨屯户的领有而形成的一套征收屯粮、佥派差徭的制度,即为孔府祭田制度。屯粮的负担与差徭佥派的方式,是把握祭田制度的两个关键问题。万历六年,孔府对五屯役法进行均徭改革。天启年间,五屯祭田已经过条鞭改革。孔府祭田制度是“配户当差”体制在公爵系统中的表现,祭田制度仍遵循户籍登记、排甲轮役等基本形式,深受明代役法的影响。In the early Ming Dynasty,Taizu gave the Confucius Mansion the right to reclaim the sacrificial field by raising tenants. Under the wave of migrant reclamation in Northern China,the Confucius Mansion reclaimed the sacrificial field in the counties of Yuncheng,Juye and Caozhou,eventually forming a sacrificial field of nearly 2,000 hectares,mainly composed of Wu-Tun. In addition,the court granted 500 tenants to be affiliated with the Confucius Mansion,which was called “courtesy tenants”,while the rest of the tenants who participated in the reclamation of the sacrificial field were the Confucius Mansion's “absentee tenants”. Wu-Tun's tenants were assigned to Pai-Jia and were required to pay the land tax. The system of collecting tax and assigning corvée based on the ownership of Wu-Tun and the courtesy tenants,was known as the Confucius Mansion's sacrificial field system. The burden of tax and the way of assigning corvée were the two key issues in grasping the system. In the sixth year of the Wanli period,the Confucian Mansion reformed Wu-Tun 's rules of assigning corvée by equalizing it. During the reign of Tianqi,Wu-Tun's sacrificial field system was reformed by the whip. The Confucius Mansion's sacrificial field system was a manifestation of the rules of the Household Corvée System,and the sacrificial field system still followed the basic forms of household registration and the rules of Pai-Jia,and was deeply influenced by the rules of assigning corvée of the Ming Dynasty.

关 键 词：孔府祭田 钦拨佃户 排甲制 均徭法 一条鞭法 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] F329[历史地理—中国史]