民法典时代的担保物权物上代位制度完善再思考  

Rethinking on the Improvement of the Subrogation Rule of Security Interest in the Era of the Civil code

作　　者：司伟 SI Wei

机构地区：[1]天津大学法学院

出　　处：《法治研究》2024年第2期111-125,共15页Research on Rule of Law

摘　　要：对于担保物权物上代位,《民法典》第390条并未作出有别于物权法的表述,《担保制度解释》从体系解释的角度就其实现程序进行了修补,但远未完善。沿着体系解释的路径继续前行,遵循担保物权价值权的属性以及物权法定原则可知,物上代位的客体是债权请求权,担保物权人基于物上代位的权利应定性为法定的债权质权。因应“由不动产担保到收益担保”的担保法范式转换潮流,《民法典》第390条规定的担保物权物上代位适用情形不应仅作文义解释,而应从制度目的以及体系协调的角度综合考虑,解释为包括转让、互易等相对灭失情形为宜。担保物权物上代位的行使涉及担保权人、担保人与给付义务人等第三人利益的平衡,故应围绕代位财产的保全与界定而完善其行使规则,主要包括相关当事人的通知与注意义务、代位财产的识别与公示等。For subrogation of security interest,the Article 390 of the Civil Code does not make any different expression from the Property Law.The Judicial Interpretation of Guarantee System has repaired its implementation procedure from the perspective of systematic interpretation,but it is still far from perfect.Proceeding along the path of systematic interpretation,following the attribute of value right of security interest and the juridical principle of real right,it is realized that the object of subrogation is the right of claim of certain creditor's right,and the right of mortgagee based on subrogation should be characterized as legal mortgage of creditor's right.In response to the paradigm shift of security law from real property guarantee to income guarantee,the application of subrogation of security interest stipulated in Article 390 of the Civil Code should not only be interpreted in terms of textual meaning,but should be comprehensively considered from the perspective of system purpose and system coordination,and shall be interpreted as including transfer,reciprocity and other relative loss situations.The exercise of subrogation involves the balance of interests of the third party such as the security interest holder,the guarantor and the payment obligor,so the exercise rules should be perfected around the preservation and definition of the subrogation property,including the notice and duty of care of the relevant parties,and the identification and publicity of the subrogation property.

关 键 词：担保物权 物上代位 法定债权质权 相对灭失 保全与界定 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]