《民法典》第176条(民事责任的一般规定)评注  

Commentary on Article 176 of the Civil Code(General Provision on Civil Liability)

作　　者：杨旭 YANG Xu

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学法学院

出　　处：《法治研究》2024年第2期147-160,共14页Research on Rule of Law

摘　　要：《民法典》第176条在我国立法中历经变迁,但比较法上却无类似规定。本条所使用的民事“责任”有别于证明责任、归责(事由)及有责性/负责任等,而在经立法纯化后又将监护职责、法律行为所生效力等含义排除在外。作为实体私法中的总则性概念,民事责任不仅应当严格区别于民事义务而具有独立性,而且必须全面涵盖《民法典》第179条第1款中的各种责任承担方式。据此,损害赔偿、债务履行一般担保、义务违反之法律后果等三种既有界定均有不妥,因而有必要重新构造民事责任的概念。以严格区分实质权益与请求权为前提,民事责任应当被界定为请求权的对立概念,主要包括因权利人索取而必为给付和法律强制可能性两项内容。在此“四元对称”的民事法律关系理论框架下,民事义务源于当事人意思或者法律规定,而民事责任却只能源于法律规定。经此阐释,便能以本条和《民法典》第179条第1款为基础构建整个私法领域中的请求权规范体系,从而为请求权思维的具体运用提供有益的实证法指引。Article 176 of the Civil Code has undergone changes in China's legislation,but there are no similar provisions in comparative law.The civil"liability"used in this article is different from the burden of proof,(reason for)attribution,and accountability/responsibility,and after being purified by legislation,the meanings of guardianship responsibility and the effectiveness of legal transaction are excluded.As a general concept in substantive private law,civil liability should not only be strictly distinguished from civil duty,but also cover various forms of liability in Article 179(1)of the Civil Code.Therefore,the three existing definitions of liability as compensation for damages,general guarantee for performance of obligation,and legal consequences of breach of duty are inappropriate.So it is necessary to redefine the concept of civil liability.On the premise of strictly distinguishing substantive right and claim,civil liability should be defined as the opposite concept of claims,mainly including two aspects:the necessary performance due to the demand of the right holder and the possibility of legal enforcement.Under the theoretical framework of"quaternary symmetry"in civil legal relation,civil duty originates from the will of the parties or legal provisions,but civil liability only originates from legal provisions.Through this interpretation,it is possible to construct a normative system for claims in the entire field of private law based on this article and Article 179(1)of the Civil Code.

关 键 词：民事责任 民事义务 请求权 实质权益 “四元对称”民事法律关系理论 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]