中国环境自动监控行政执法中的法律问题研究  

Legal Issues in Administrative Law Enforcement of Automatic Environmental Monitoring in China

作　　者：赵绘宇[1] ZHAO Huiyu

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院,上海200240

出　　处：《上海交通大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第2期48-62,83,共16页Journal of Shanghai Jiao tong University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：中国环境行政执法中自动监控方式是广泛应用的新模式,也是环境行政监管与执法的未来趋势,但目前无论是国家法律、行政法规、部门规章还是地方规范都片段化且不统一。在2021年修订的《行政处罚法》背景下,亟须围绕该法第41条“电子技术监控”条款生成统一系统的环境非现场行政执法规范。环境自动化监控从主体、程序、证据、处罚四方面给行政处罚带来新的变革:首先,主体上,新的主体第三方服务机构的产生,带来新的第三方执法义务等共治问题。其次,程序上,行政执法流程相比人工时代需要再造,以保障行政相关方的权利。第三,证据上,“数据失真”与自动监控时代执法证据的证明力问题,使得人工“双审”成为要件。第四,罚责上,需做到甄别三种自动监控数据属于违法,并在海量的自动监控数据中降低执法强度。在新的环境自动监测时代,主体、程序、证据、处罚都要考虑行政相对方——企业的权利与利益再平衡。此外,上述结论往往也适用于我国自动化行政执法的许多共性问题。The automatic monitoring method in environmental administrative law enforcement is a new model widely used in China and a general trend of environmental supervision and law enforcement in the future.However,currently,both national regulations and local norms are fragmented and inconsistent.Under the background of the“Administrative Punishment Law”revised in 2021,it is urgent to generate a unified system of environmental off-site administrative law enforcement regulations around the“electronic technology monitoring”clause of Article 41.From its four aspects of evidence,subject,procedure,and punishment,automatic environmental monitoring has posed new changes to administrative law enforcement.First,on the subject,the emergence of new subject third-party service agencies will bring new“third party law enforcement obligations”and other co-governance issues.Secondly,procedurally,the administrative law enforcement process needs to be re-engineered compared to the manual era to protect the rights of administrative counterpart.Third,“data distortion”and the probative power of law enforcement evidence in the era of automatic monitoring make manual“double review”a necessary requirement.Fourth,the three types of automatic monitoring data must be identified as illegal in terms of penalties and liabilities.Finally,the intensity of law enforcement needs to be reduced in the massive amount of automatic monitoring data.In short,in the new era of automatic environmental monitoring,evidence,subjects,procedures,and penalties must consider the rebalancing of the rights and interests of the administrative counterpart—the enterprise.The conclusions from the four aspects of evidence,subject,procedure,and punishment respond to environmental automation supervision,and are often applicable to many common problems in automated administrative law enforcement in China.

关 键 词：环境自动化执法 第三方服务机构 数据失真 非现场执法程序 执法强度 

分 类 号：D922.68[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学] D922.1[政治法律—法学]