免耕飞播条件下稻田油菜长效专用配方肥适宜用量研究  

Study on application quantity of long-lasting special formula fertilizer for rapeseed in paddy fields under no-tillage flying sowing conditions

作　　者：孟孜贞 王崇铭 鲁明星 周志华 鲁剑巍[1] MENG Zi-zhen;WANG Chong-ming;LU Ming-xing;ZHOU Zhi-hua;LU Jian-wei(Coege of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan Hubei 430070;Rape Office of Hubei Province,WuhanHubei 430070;Wuxue Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Hubei Province,Huanggang Hubei 435400)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院,湖北武汉430070 [2]湖北省油菜办公室,湖北武汉430070 [3]湖北省武穴市农业农村局,湖北黄冈435400

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2023年第12期151-157,共7页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家油菜产业技术体系(CARS-12);湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BBB062);湖北省现代油菜产业技术体系(HBHZD-2020-005)。

摘　　要：油菜免耕飞播种植模式对充分利用长江流域冬闲田扩种油菜和实现油菜轻简化生产具有重要意义。与耕整地时将肥料施入耕作层相比,免耕轻简种植的施肥方式发生了根本变化,于2020-2021和2021-2022年两个年度在湖北省油菜主产区布置油菜专用肥用量试验,研究“宜施壮”油菜长效专用配方肥(N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O∶中微量元素=25∶7∶8∶5)用量对免耕飞播油菜产量及产量构成因子、关键生育期的生长状况、养分积累量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,当专用肥用量在750 kg/hm^(2)内,油菜籽产量随着肥料用量的增加而提高,继续增加施肥量,产量不再提高;施肥量对提高产量构成因子有显著影响,其中收获密度和单株角果数对产量的贡献率最大,分别为35.1%和28.6%;油菜关键生育期的有效株数、株高及茎粗均显著受施肥量的影响,在施肥量为600~750kg/hm^(2)时达到较高的水平;成熟期油菜养分积累量随着肥料用量的增加而提高,与产量基本保持一致,各试验最高产量施肥量时的肥料偏生产力为2.26~4.17 kg/kg、农学效率为1.66~3.14 kg/kg、回收利用率为21.78%~59.78%。综上所述,湖北省油菜主产区免耕飞播种植模式的油菜专用肥推荐用量为650~700 kg/hm^(2),相当于氮(N)、磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)推荐量分别为163~175、46~49和52~56 kg/hm^(2),用量略高于翻耕种植模式,在该用量下能维持较高的油菜籽产量和肥料利用率。The no-tillage flying sowing pattern of rapeseed was important for making full use of winter fallow fields in the Yangtze River basin to expand rapeseed planting and achieve light and simplified production of rapeseed.The fertilizer application method of no-tillage flying sowing had been fundamentally changed compared with the fertilizer application into the tillage after plough and land preparation,trials of application quantity of special fertilizer for rapeseed were set up in the main rapeseed production areas of Hubei province in the years of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022,in order to study the effects of application quantity of“Yishizhuang”long-lasting special formula fertilizer(N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O∶medium and trace elements=25∶7∶8∶5)on the yield,yield component factors,growth in the critical reproductive period,nutrient accumulation and fertilizer utilization rate of no-tillage flying sowing rapeseed.The results showed that when application quantity of special fertilizer was within 750 kg/hm^(2),the yield of rapeseed increased with the increase of fertilizer application quantity,and the yield did not increase anymore with further increase of fertilizer application quantity;the significant affect of fertilizer application quantity on increasing the yield component factors,among which the harvest density and the number of angular fruits per plant contributed the most to the yield,which was 35.1%and 28.6%,respectively.The effective plant number,plant height and stem diameter of rapeseed were significantly affected by the fertilizer application quantity,and reaching a higher level at 600-750 kg/hm^(2).The nutrient accumulation of rapeseed at mature period increased with the fertilizer application quantity,and the trend was generally consistent with yield.The fertilizer bias productivity at the highest yield fertilizer application quantity was 2.26-4.17 kg/kg,agronomic efficiency was 1.66-3.14 kg/kg,and recovery rate was 21.78%-59.78%.In conclusion,the recommended fertilizer application quantity for rape

关 键 词：油菜 免耕飞播 施肥量 产量构成因子 养分积累量 肥料利用率 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]