北疆膜下滴灌机采棉氮肥效应研究  

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on machine-harvested cotton under film mulched drip irrigation in Northern Xinjiang

作　　者：兰茜 朱倩倩 高瑞[1] 谢香文 洪明[1] LAN Xi;ZHU Qian-qian;GAO Rui;XIE Xiang-wen;HONG Ming(Coege of Water Resources and Civi Engineering,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi Xinjiang 830052;Institute of Soil Fertilizer and AgriculturalWater-Saving,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Oasis Agriculture in NorthwestChina,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Urumqi Xinjiang 830091)

机构地区：[1]新疆农业大学水利与土木工程学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830052 [2]新疆农业科学院土壤肥料与农业节水研究所/农业农村部西北绿洲节水农业重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐830091

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2023年第12期191-199,共9页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：自治区重大专项(2020A01003-2);国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1900803);国家重点研发计划(2020YFD1001004)。

摘　　要：机采棉种植已成为新疆棉花的主要栽培模式,由于种植密度与滴灌制度的改变,急需对氮素的效应进行研究,以期科学合理指导机采棉的氮肥施用。采用大田试验,在养分投入比例(N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=1∶0.38∶0.3)一致的条件下,设置不同氮肥用量(0、180、220、270、315 kg/hm^(2)),研究氮素对北疆膜下滴灌机采棉植株养分吸收利用、肥料利用率、棉田土壤养分变化和产量等的影响。结果表明:机采模式下,棉花的单株结铃数和籽棉产量随施氮量的增加而提高,氮肥显著提高单株铃数继而提升籽棉的产量,但施氮对棉花衣分无显著影响;地上部干物质量、植株养分吸收量与施氮量呈正比;百公斤籽棉需氮5.10 kg,磷1.37 kg,钾4.90 kg;籽棉氮、磷素积累量高于秸秆,钾素则表现为相反。机采棉滴施氮肥对表层(0~20 cm)土壤的养分含量影响最大。施氮270 kg/hm^(2)时棉花的收获指数、肥料利用率最优,且养分能达到收支平衡。综合考虑产量、肥料利用率和棉田养分收支平衡等指标,建议北疆膜下滴灌机采棉优化氮肥用量为270 kg/hm^(2)。Machine-harvested cotton planting has become the main cultivation mode of cotton in Xinjiang.Due to the change of planting density and drip irrigation system,it is urgent to study the effect of nitrogen on machine-picked cotton in order to scientifically and rationally guide the application of nitrogen fertilizer.Field experiment was used in this study.Under the same nutrient input ratio(N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=1∶0.38∶0.3),different nitrogen fertilizer application rates(0,180,220,270 and 315 kg/hm^(2))were set up to study the effects of nitrogen on nutrient uptake and utilization of cotton plants,fertilizer utilization rate,soil nutrient changes and yield of cotton fields in Northern Xinjiang.The results showed that the boll number per plant and the seed cotton yield were increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,and the boll number per plant was significantly increased thereby the seed cotton yield,but the nitrogen application had no significant effect on the cotton lint percentage.Aboveground dry matter weight and plant nutrient uptake were positively related to nitrogen application.100 kg seed cotton needed nitrogen 5.10 kg,phosphorus 1.37 kg and potassium 4.90 kg.The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in seed cotton was higher than that in straw,but the accumulation of potassium was the opposite.The soil nutrient content in the surface layer(0-20 cm)was the most affected by the application of nitrogen fertilizer.The harvest index and fertilizer utilization rate of cotton with 270 kg/hm^(2) of nitrogen application were the best,and the nutrient balance could be reached.Considering yield,fertilizer utilization rate and nutrient balance of cotton field,it is suggested that the optimal nitrogen fertilizer amount for machine-harvested cotton by drip irrigation under film in Northern Xinjiang is 270 kg/hm^(2).

关 键 词：氮肥 膜下滴灌 机采棉 氮素效应 产量 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学]