基于SPAD的西瓜氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥技术研究  

Study on nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and fertilizer recommendation of watermelon based on SPAD value

作　　者：杜少平[1] 马忠明[2] 唐超男 薛亮[3] DU Shao-ping;MA Zhong-ming;TANG Chao-nan;XUE Liang(Institute of Vegetables,Gansu Academy ofAgricultural Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730070;Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730070;Institute of Soil,Fertilizer and Water-saving Agricultural,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu730070)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院蔬菜研究所,甘肃兰州730070 [2]甘肃省农业科学院,甘肃兰州730070 [3]甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2023年第12期200-209,共10页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家西甜瓜产业技术体系土壤与养分管理岗位项目(CARS-25);甘肃省农业科学院重点研发计划项目(2021GAAS09);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0201304)。

摘　　要：为解决西瓜生产中存在盲目或过量氮肥施用导致的果实品质下降和氮素利用率低下等突出问题,开展了基于叶绿素仪测定值(SPAD值)的西瓜全生育期氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥技术研究,以期为利用SPAD仪建立田间西瓜氮素营养实时诊断技术、开发西瓜精准氮素养分管理模式提供理论依据。试验于2020-2021年在甘肃河西灌区的张掖市以‘金城5号’西瓜为材料,设置了0、80、160、240、320、400 kg/hm^(2)6个氮肥水平,通过研究不同施氮水平下西瓜关键生育时期不同叶位及叶片不同位置上的SPAD值、叶绿素含量、全氮含量的变化特征及其与西瓜产量、品质指标的相互关系,建立基于SPAD值进行西瓜氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥的实时氮肥管理(RTNM)模式,并开展RTNM模式的生产性验证。西瓜苗期顶一叶叶尖、伸蔓期顶三叶叶中、膨果期功能叶叶中位置SPAD值与叶片叶绿素、全氮含量相关性最佳,且变异系数小,是较为理想的指示叶或参照叶;通过指示叶SPAD值与西瓜产量、品质指标及施氮量的回归分析,获得西瓜产量超过60000 kg/hm^(2)的SPAD阈值范围为苗期49.1~51.0、伸蔓期60.3~64.1、膨果期64.8~67.5;西瓜果实可溶性固形物含量超过11.5%的SPAD阈值范围为苗期49.0~50.5、伸蔓期59.8~63.6、膨果期64.0~66.5;SPAD值每变动1个单位的氮肥施用量分别为苗期30.96 kg/hm^(2)、伸蔓期31.95 kg/hm^(2)、膨果期50.51 kg/hm^(2)。通过与传统施肥模式(N 240 kg/hm^(2))相比较,RTNM模式在氮肥施用量减少15.29%的条件下,西瓜产量较高、品质较优,且氮肥利用率显著提高了30.53%。综合分析得出,甘肃河西灌区‘金城5号’西瓜膜下滴灌栽培模式下,应用SPAD仪进行氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥,适宜的指示叶及SPAD阈值范围为苗期顶一叶叶尖49.1~50.5、伸蔓期顶三叶叶中60.3~63.6、膨果期功能叶叶中64.8~66.5。In order to solve the problems of fruit quality decline and low nitrogen utilization rate caused by blind or excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in watermelon production,nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and fertilizer recommendation of watermelon during the whole growth period based on soil and plant analyzer development value(SPAD value)was carried out,with a view to providing a theoretical basis for establishing a real-time diagnosis technology of nitrogen nutrition and developing a precise nitrogen nutrient management model in watermelon using SPAD instrument.A medium-late maturing watermelon cultivar‘Jincheng 5’was used as the test material,field experiments were conducted in Zhangye city,Gansu 208 province from 2020 to 2021.Different nitrogen levels(0,80,160,240,320,400 kg/hm^(2))were designed,the SPAD value,chlorophyll contents,and nitrogen contents at different leaf orders and different detecting position of leaf were determined,and the change characteristics and their influences on yield and quality were analyzed.A real-time nitrogen management(RTNM)model based on SPAD value for nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended fertilization of watermelon was established,and the productive verification of RTNM model was carried out.The tip of first fully-expanded leaf in seedling stage,the middle of third fully-expanded leaf in vines stage and the middle of function leaf in fruiting stage were more suitable for SPAD detection,which could obtain good relativity of SPAD with chlorophyll content and nitrogen content.By the regression analysis of the SPAD value of the indicator leaf and the yield,quality index and nitrogen application rate of watermelon,the SPAD threshold range for watermelon yield exceeding 60000 kg/hm^(2) were obtained as follows:49.1-51.0 in seedling stage,60.3-64.1 in vines stage and 64.8-67.5 in fruiting stage.The SPAD threshold range for soluble solid content of watermelon exceeding 11.5%were as follows:49.0-50.5 in seedling stage,59.8-63.6 in vines stage and 64.0-66.5 in fruiting s

关 键 词：SPAD值 氮素 营养诊断 推荐施肥 西瓜 

分 类 号：S651[农业科学—果树学]