风景名胜资源的刑法保护路径:一个三阶的分析框架  

Criminal law protection of scenic resources: a three⁃stage analysis framework

作　　者：商玉玺 刘三洋 SHANG Yuxi;LIU Sanyang(School of Law,Shandong Normal University,Jinan Shandong 250358,China;School of Law,Jiangsu Normal University,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221018,China;Kaiyuan Law School,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200030,China)

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学法学院,山东济南250358 [2]江苏师范大学法学院,江苏徐州221018 [3]上海交通大学凯原法学院,上海200030

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2024年第1期212-220,共9页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“法域协调视域下权利滥用行为的刑法评价研究”(批准号:22BFX039)。

摘　　要：最高人民法院第147号指导性案例开辟了以《刑法》第324条第2款故意损毁名胜古迹罪保护风景名胜资源的先河,其意义不仅在于裁判思路上的创新,更在于对风景名胜资源刑法保护的再次确认。为了进一步厘定第147号指导性案例审判思维,化解故意损毁名胜古迹罪在司法认定中的难题,明晰生态环境领域权力和权利、行政违法与刑事犯罪的边界,采取“对象—行为—法益”的三阶分析框架,构建风景名胜资源的刑法保护路径。在指涉对象的界定层面,故意损毁名胜古迹罪中“风景名胜”资源指涉的是生态景观而非生态景区,以维护自然保护区、国家公园与风景名胜区之间刑法保护的协调性。在“损毁”行为的认定层面,采取“嵌套规制论”的适用理念,以风景名胜资源的“毁坏”为主要标准,以“价值减损”为补充,明确违法行为与犯罪行为的边界,避免刑事认定的过分严厉。在法益价值重述层面,采取“1+X”模式归纳风景名胜资源的法益价值特征:其中“1”指代风景名胜资源的基础的、原始的生态法益特征,“X”指代风景名胜资源作为自然、人文遗产所蕴含的文物法益属性,其下又分为生物法益价值、启智法益价值、审美法益价值与经济法益价值。不同的法益价值类型对“严重损毁”的刑事认定有不同意义。具体而言,风景名胜资源的生态法益、生物法益、启智法益(科学研究价值)遭受“毁灭”,启智法益(科普价值)、审美法益受到“价值减损”,是刑法启动保护风景名胜资源的条件;风景名胜资源的经济法益不影响刑事违法性判断。The No.147 guiding case of the Supreme People's Court set a precedent for the crime of intentionally destroying scenic spots and historic sites in Article 324(2)of the Criminal Law to protect scenic resources.Its significance lies not only in the innovation of judgment thinking,but also in the reconfirmation of the criminal law protection of scenic resources.In order to further define the trial philosophy of guiding case No.147,resolve the dilemmas in the judicial determination of crimes of intentionally destroying scenic spots and historic sites,and clarify the boundaries of power and rights in the field of ecological environment,administrative violations,and criminal crimes,this paper adopts the three-stage analysis framework of‘object–transgression–legal interest’to construct the paths of the criminal law protection of scenic resources.In terms of the definition of the objects involved,‘scenic resources’in the crime of intentionally destroying scenic spots and historic sites should be defined as the ecological landscape rather than the ecological scenic spots so as to maintain the coordination of criminal protection between natural reserves,national parks,and scenic spots.When identify⁃ing‘damaging behaviors,’we propose the concept of‘nested regulation theory’with‘destroying’scenic resources as the main stan⁃dard,supplemented by‘value reduction’to clarify the boundary between illegal and criminal behaviors and to avoid excessive severity of criminal identification.In the restatement of legal interest value,the‘1+X’model is adopted to summarize the legal interest value characteristics of scenic resources:‘1’refers to the basic and original ecological legal interest characteristics of these resources;‘X’refers to the legal interest attributes of cultural relics contained in scenic resources as natural and humanistic heritage,which can be fur⁃ther divided into biological legal interest value,enlightening legal interest value,aesthetic legal interest value,and economic

关 键 词：风景名胜资源 刑事保护 生态景观说 文物法益 生态法益 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]