家马的起源、东传和早期利用研究  

DOMESTICATED HORSES IN ANCIENT CHINA:ORIGINS,DISSEMINATION,AND EARLY USES

作　　者：尤悦[1] You Yue

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学历史学院,北京100089

出　　处：《考古学报》2024年第1期121-142,共22页Acta Archaeologica Sinica

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(项目批准号:23YJC780002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：家马(Equus caballus)来源于野马。马属动物的起源可以追溯到始新世早期至中期(距今约6000万-4500万年)分布在亚洲、欧洲及北美洲的始祖马(Hyracotherium)。始祖马体型如猫,身长只有60厘米,肩高20一50厘米,前肢有四趾、后肢有三趾,后灭绝。This paper analyzes the origins and spread of domesticated horses in Eurasia,focusing on Zhou dynasty sacrificial horse burials in the Central Plains and Sayan-Altai from a zooarchaeological view.It posits that the Botai site in Kazakhstan is likely the earliest domestication site,with evidence stronger than Ukraine's Dereivka site.Domesticated horses spread from the Yamnaya culture's ancestors,appearing in the Gansu-Qinghai region around 4000-3600 years ago and in the Central Plains Yinxu site during the late Shang period.Horses were used for chariots in the Central Plains and riding in Sayan-Altai,with their burials indicating the owner's status.Zooarchaeological data shows that 51.3%of sacrificial horses in the Central Plains were young(≤5 years),21.8%were young adults(5-8 years),while in Sayan-Altai,73.9%were adults(8-16 years),and 21.7%were older(>16 years),highlighting different regional horse management practices.

关 键 词：马属动物 家马 始新世早期 野马 灭绝 起源 北美洲 

分 类 号：K85[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]