播种期降水偏多对油菜重要农艺性状和产量的影响  

Effect of autumn continuously rainy weather which cause waterlogging in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)traits and yield

作　　者：何泽威 丁晓雨 徐劲松 叶鹏 贺继奎 程勇[2] 许本波[3] 张学昆 HE Ze-wei;DING Xiao-yu;XU Jing-song;YE Peng;HE Ji-kui;CHENG Yong;XU Ben-bo;ZHANG Xue-kun(College of Agriculture,Yangtze University,Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultura1 Use of Wetland,Ministry of Education,Jingzhou 434025,China;Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan 430062,China;College of Life Science,Yangtze University,Hubei Key Laboratory of Water-logging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland,Jingzhou 434025,China)

机构地区：[1]长江大学农学院/长江大学湿地生态与农业利用教育部工程研究中心,湖北荆州434025 [2]中国农业科学院油料作物研究所/农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,湖北武汉430062 [3]长江大学生命科学学院/涝渍灾害与湿地农业湖北省重点实验室,湖北荆州434025

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2024年第1期92-101,共10页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：农业农村部项目(15214011);湖北省农业厅项目(鄂农油[2021]9号)。

摘　　要：为了解播种期降水偏多对油菜产量的影响,选用10个国家区试高产优质油菜新品种,分析正常年份(2019/2020)与降水偏多年份(2020/2021)在长江中游11个生态点的重要农艺性状、产量、品质和抗性,评估2020/2021年减产原因。通过正常年份与渍害年份逐月降雨量、温度等气象数据变化与产量与农艺性状变化进行相关和回归分析,结果发现,即使在正常排灌情况下,灾害年份油菜产量显著下降,播种期平均推迟11.5 d,生育期缩短11.2 d,产量和产油量分别极显著下降21.8%和23.2%。其中油菜株高、单株有效角果数和收获密度分别下降9.2%、21.1%和6%,均达到显著或极显著水平,而含油量、芥酸、硫苷、千粒重、角粒数、菌核病病指等性状变化不显著。回归分析表明,10月降雨大幅增加、形成渍害是减产的直接原因,而次生灾害如降雨导致播期推迟、秋季气温偏低和冬季降水减少导致的间接影响更大,对减产的贡献分别达到25.4%、50.5%和33%。对10个品种的产量和产油量分析,耐渍品种的选择应综合考虑正常年份产量、耐渍指数和含油量等指标,其中H1951、越优577、9zyYP12等品种正常年份产油量比对照增产11%~16.5%,灾害年份比对照增产5.4%~18.4%,生产上在做好开沟降渍的同时,抢播早播并增加密度可有效提高产量,有利于最大程度减轻灾害损失。To better understand raining-weather effect on rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)yield during seeding stage,10 elite rapeseed varieties were planted in 11 ecological sites in the middle region of the Yangtze River.Agronomic traits,yield,quality and resistance between normal year(2019/2020)and autumn-rainy-waterlogging year(2020/2021)were observed to compare waterlogging rainy weather effects at seeding stage.Regression analysis between monthly rainfall,temperature and yield and agronomic traits changes,showed waterlogging rainy weather lead to rapeseed seed and oil yield reduced by 21.8%,23.2%,and average seeding date delayed for 11.5 d,growth duration shortened for 11.2 d,despite with well drainage treatment in the field.Among them,the plant height,silique number per plant and harvest density significantly decreased by 9.2%,21.1%and 6%,respectively.While the changes of oil content,elucic acid,glucosinolate,seed weight,seed per silique and Sclerotinia disease severity index were not different in significant level.The regression analysis showed that the monthly rainfall increase in October resulted in waterlogging,which cause of the yield loss directly,while secondary effects,such as delayed seeding date,low autumn temperature and reduced winter rainfall,contributed 25.4%,50.5%and 33%to the yield loss,respectively.Varieties in this study showed different tolerance to autumn waterlogging rainy weather with higher seed yield and oil content in normal year and higher waterlogging tolerance index,H1951,Yueyou 1577,9zyYP12 increased oil yield by 11%-16.5%to control variety,and waterlogging year increased by 5.4%-18.4%.

关 键 词：甘蓝型油菜 降雨量 渍害 温度 减产 农艺性状 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]