咸海变迁——危机和现状  

Evolution of the Aral Sea:Crisis and present situation

作　　者：杨恕[1] 孙凌霄[2] 何婧 李春兰 于洋[2] YANG Shu;SUN Lingxiao;HE Jing;LI Chunan;YU Yang(Institute for Central Asian Studies,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,Gansu,China;Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Urumqi 830011,Xinjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学中亚研究所,甘肃兰州730000 [2]中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐830011

出　　处：《干旱区地理》2024年第2期181-191,共11页Arid Land Geography

基　　金：新疆维吾尔自治区“天池英才”人才引进计划(E3350107)资助。

摘　　要：咸海曾是世界第4大湖。20世纪60年代开始,由于农业灌溉需求,咸海流域各地区大量从阿姆河和锡尔河调水,从而导致咸海快速缩小、水面降低、水质恶化。到21世纪初,湖面已缩减到原来的1/8,干涸的湖底成为盐碱度很高的盐漠,生物物种大量减少,生态环境恶化造成生态危机。中亚国家独立后,阿姆河与锡尔河上下游地区由于缺水产生了矛盾,进而严重影响了国家之间的关系。虽进行了多次协商,但最终中亚国家未能对咸海水资源危机提出一致的解决方案。随后,哈萨克斯坦独自开展针对咸海的保护措施,挽救了咸海北部的部分水体;乌兹别克斯坦近年来也开始在咸海危机治理方面采取积极态度。目前,学术界主流意见是,咸海危机是人为的,不宜将其与全球气候变化相联系。咸海危机由于治理和地下水的补给有所缓和,虽不会像预测中的那样完全消失,但最终能够恢复到什么程度还有很大的不确定性。本文通过对咸海危机的历史、现状和前景做了较完整的论述,以期为我国西北干旱环境治理提供科学参考。The Aral Sea was once the fourth largest lake in the world.Since the 1960s,due to the demands of agri-cultural irrigation,the regions of the Aral Sea basin have diverted a large amount of water from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers,resulting in the rapid shrinkage of the Aral Sea,the reduction of water levels,and also the deterioration of water quality.By the beginning of the 21st century,the lake’s surface had shrunk to 1/8 of its orig-inal size,and the dried lake bottom had become a salt desert with high salinity.Many biological species decreased and the ecological environment deteriorated,causing an ecological crisis.After the independence of the Central Asian countries,the conflict between the upper and lower parts of the Amu Darya River and Syr Darya River re-sulted from the lack of water,which seriously affected the relations between these countries.Despite repeated ne-gotiations,the Central Asian countries failed to come up with a common solution to the Aral Sea water crisis.In the absence of regional cooperation,Kazakhstan took independent measures and saved part of the waters of the northern part of Aral Sea.Moreover,Uzbekistan also took a proactive approach to managing the Aral Sea crisis in recent years.The prevailing academic opinion is that the Aral Sea crisis is human-made and that linking it to glob-al climate change is inappropriate.Thus,the Aral Sea crisis,which has been improved because of governance and groundwater recharge,may not disappear as previously predicted and considerable uncertainty remains as to how much it will recover.This study offers a complete discussion of the history,status,and prospects of the Aral Sea crisis to provide a reference for the governance of the arid environment in northwestern China.

关 键 词：咸海 危机 用水矛盾 治理 水资源 

分 类 号：TV213.4[水利工程—水文学及水资源] P467[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]