证明责任倒置的方法论问题——以善意取得的证明责任之争为例  

Methodological Issues on the Reversal of the Burden of Proof:Taking the Debates on Burden of Proof for Good Faith Acquisition as an Example

作　　者：吴泽勇 Wu Zeyong

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学法学院

出　　处：《法制与社会发展》2024年第1期164-181,共18页Law and Social Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“《民法典》实施中的证明责任疑难问题研究”(22BFX050)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：严格意义上的证明责任倒置是指法官对立法确定的证明责任分配方案的偏离。证明责任倒置在实体法上转移要件事实真伪不明时的败诉风险,在程序法上重塑事实审的结构,与证明困境缓解存在本质区别。立法确定的证明责任分配可通过法律解释被发现,但是证明责任倒置逾越了规范的文义边界,在方法论上只能被理解为法律续造。因此,证明责任倒置的建议者需要证明现行法在证明责任分配上存在漏洞,并且这种漏洞无法通过证明困境缓解策略化解。然而,在我国,无论是学者还是司法解释起草者关于善意取得证明责任倒置的论述,都远远没有达到这种要求。澄清证明责任倒置的法律续造性质并明确其论证负担,旨在强调证明责任分配的规范性特征,捍卫民事实体法的安定性。In a strict sense,the reversal of the burden of proof refers to judges' deviating from the allocation of the burden of proof established by legislation.The reversal of the burden of proof,in substantive terms,transfers the risk of losing a lawsuit when essential facts are non liquet,and in procedural terms,reshapes the structure of factual trial.Therefore,this is fundamentally distinct from the alleviation of the difficulties of proving.The allocation of the burden of proof established by legislation can be discovered through legal interpretation;however,the reversal of the burden of proof goes beyond the literal boundaries of the law and can only be understood as legal renewal.Therefore,proponents of the reversal of the burden of proof should demonstrate that there are loopholes in the law regarding the allocation of the burden of proof,and these loopholes cannot be resolved through alleviating strategies of the difficulties of proving.Nevertheless,in China,both scholars and drafters of judicial interpretation have not met this requirement in their arguments of the reversal of the burden of proof in good faith acquisition.Defining the reversal of the burden of proof as legal renewal and clarifying its argumentative requirements contribute to emphasizing the normative features of the allocation of the burden of proof and safeguarding the stability of civil substantive law.

关 键 词：证明责任倒置 证明困境缓解 法律续造 法律解释 善意取得 

分 类 号：D926.2[政治法律—法学] D923D925.1