论战后日本的“法治”建构:内涵认知、宪政制度与外交叙事  

"Rule of Law" in Post-war Japan:The Concept,Constitutional System,and Diplomatic Narrative

作　　者：张诗奡 Zhang Shi'ao

机构地区：[1]南京大学国际关系学院 [2]南京大学中国南海研究协同创新中心

出　　处：《日本学刊》2023年第6期53-77,169,共26页Japanese Studies

摘　　要：第二次世界大战后,日本在《日本国宪法》体制下,开始重建宪政制度。基于对“明治宪法”体系与战争的关联记忆,战后日本公法学界一度坚定推崇将英美法系下的“法治”原理应用于日本宪政制度,并逐渐在学界与社会层面形成了“法治”原理与大陆法系下的“法治主义”原理二元对立的局面。由于日本社会与英美社会存在文化基础层面的差异,基于英美制度重构战后日本宪政制度的尝试,在具体实践层面产生了适配性问题。这使得“法治”原理于现实层面脱离了公法学界对其原本的期望,反而被政治精英利用成为建构战后国家形象的意识形态符号,并被用以实现外交目的。日本政府在“价值观外交”实践过程中,并未严格遵循其于国内宪政层面对于“法治”原理的形式化认知,却利用作为意识形态符号的“法治”概念对华建构了具有针对性的负面叙事,导致“法治”问题逐渐成为日本社会对华负面情绪的触发点,甚至可能成为未来影响两国关系长期发展的不稳定因素。Right after the end of WWII,Japan started to reconstruct the constitutional system by instituting the regime outlined in "The Constitution of Japan".In light of the wartime association with the "Meiji Constitution",the post-war public law community strongly advocated for the application of the "rule of law" principle derived from Common Law to Japan's constitutional system.This advocacy eventually resulted in a dualistic opposition at both academic and social levels between the "rule of law" principle and the theory of "Rechtsstaat" derived from the civil law system.Due to cultural differences between Japan and Anglo-American societies,the post-war reconstruction of the constitutional system grounded in Anglo-American institutional practices faced practical adaptability issues.Consequently,the "rule of law" principle,in practice,deviated from the original expectations of the public law community,transforming into an ideological symbol employed by political elites to construct a post-war national identity and achieve diplomatic objectives.In the implementation of "value-oriented diplomacy",the Japanese government did not strictly adhere to its formalized understanding of the "rule of law" principle within the domestic practices governed by the constitutional regime.Instead,the government utilized the concept of the "rule of law" as an ideological symbol to construct a targeted negative narrative against China,which,in turn,led the "rule of law" issue to increasingly become a catalyst for negative sentiments towards China within Japanese society and could potentially evolve into an unstable factor affecting the long-term development of the relationship between the two countries.

关 键 词：法治 法治主义 日本国宪法 价值观外交 中日关系 

分 类 号：D831.3[政治法律—政治学] D931.3[政治法律—外交学]