明清会典中的“违制”罪名研究  

Research on the Offense of "Violation of the Institutions" in the Collected Statutes of Ming and Qing

作　　者：张田田[1] Zhang Tiantian

机构地区：[1]沈阳师范大学法学院

出　　处：《国学学刊》2023年第4期77-91,140,141,共17页Research in the Traditions of Chinese Culture

基　　金：国家社科青年项目“中国古代违制罪研究”结项成果中的一节。

摘　　要：明、清会典的修纂,为探查“违制”罪名的分布、性质及特征等提供便利。明会典中的“以违制律论罪”“问拟违制罪名”“以违制论”“罪以违制”等记载,与《大明律》等内容不完全重合,意味着在管理国家事务的各项规章制度中,也明确地设有“违制”罪名。其来源既有皇帝直接下旨,也有大臣奏议获批,来源的差异并不影响法令的效力。明会典中“违制”罪名约存十项,部分为清修会典所继承。清代会典中的“违制”罪名,较明代规定得更深、更广。以管控生员建言等的卧碑为例,可见清代立法既借鉴明代,又有探索创新。明代卧碑十二条,违者均“以违制论”,而清会典所载各条学规中,能够区别情形、对象而具体设置惩处、保障方式,不但指明生员建白“以违制论”,还针对越诉等增加条例,使得会典的“礼部”“刑部”事类均有针对生员的“违制”罪名。五朝会典中的“违制”罪名数量一再提升,由康熙朝会典的十余条“违制”规定,至光绪朝会典事例中的百余条,增幅显著,这既是《大清律例》中“违制”罪名增加的直接后果,也是会典体例能更全面地汇集“违制”罪名的特征体现,即同一法令关涉多个事项则可为多个部门所收录,同类规则历年实施上的多次调整可作为多项事例留存。结合会典规定来看,“违制”罪名既关乎“正刑定罪”,也辅助“设范立制”,以刑行令往往是增设罪名的实际目的,因而在强调政令可行、政令必遵上充当可用工具的“违制”罪名,在能否“执法必严,违制必究”上始终存在问题。The distribution,property and characteristics of the ancient offense of "Violation of the Institutions" can be further explored in the Collected Statutes of Ming and Qing. "charge of violation of the Institutions" and "accused of be against the statues" and so on which recorded in Collected Statutes of the Great Ming is different from The Great Ming Code.Its source of both the emperor directly ordered,but also ministers were approved;source of different,no difference in effectiveness.The offense of "violation of the institutions" in the Collected Statutes of Qing Dynasty is more detailed than Ming Dynasty.In order to control the advice,for example,the Ming engraved tablets twelve institutions,violators are "accused of violation of the Institutions",while the Qing dynasty regulations both specify the student advice "to violate the system",but also increase more complaints such as cross-level protests and others,which makes “charge of violation "both appears in the " Ministry of Rites " and " ministry of penalty " categories.From more than ten regulations in Kangxi period,to more than a hundred cases in Statutes of Guangxu period.The steep increase of the" Violation of the institutions " charges is a direct consequence of the expansion of the " accused of be against the institutions " in The Great Qing Code with Substatutes,as well as a characteristic reflection of the synthesis of the “Violation of the Institutions" provisions that Collected Statutes require.However,the widespread establishment of the law of "violation of the institutions" for the purpose of enforcing governmental decrees has always been problematic in terms of implementation.

关 键 词：会典 律例 制书有违 违制罪名 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学] K248[历史地理—历史学]