生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿的数额计算论证  

Calculation and Demonstration of the Amount of Punitive Damages for Ecological and Environmental Infringement

作　　者：陈娟丽[1] 徐雅洁 CHEN Juanli;XU Yajie(School of Economic Law,Northwest University of Political Science and Law,Xi’an 710122,Shaanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学经济法学院,陕西西安710122

出　　处：《中南林业科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第6期68-77,共10页Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目(21BFX133)。

摘　　要：《民法典》第1232条明确惩罚性赔偿引入生态环境领域,引发生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿适用范围、构成要件及数额计算等方面的分歧。生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿具有环境公私益的双重法益特性,惩罚性赔偿适用于环境公益侵权和环境私益侵权。对于惩罚性赔偿责任的承担可以违法行为的外显予以认定,合理地解释环境公私益主体的惩罚性赔偿请求权资格。基于环境公私益追求不同的制度功能,生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿的数额计算在不同的法益中设定不同的计算基数和计算倍数,即环境公益侵权惩罚性赔偿要适度运用惩罚功能,设定为生态环境服务功能损失的2倍以内;环境私益侵权惩罚性赔偿则在不超过侵权人的赔偿能力范围内谨慎地扩大倍数惩罚,发挥环境私益侵权惩罚性赔偿的激励功能。通过化解生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿适用的矛盾之处,为其数额计算奠定合理适用基础,补全生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿的适用缺口,全面救济环境公私益。Article 1232 of the Civil Code clearly states that punitive damages are introduced into the field of ecological environment,which has led to differences in the scope of application,constituent elements and calculation of punitive damages for ecological and environmental infringement.Punitive damages for ecological environmental infringement have the dual legal interests of environmental public and private interests,and punitive damages are applicable to environmental public interest infringement and environmental private interest infringement.The assumption of liability for punitive damages may be determined by the explicit nature of the illegal acts,and the qualifications of the entities with public and private interests of the environment to claim punitive damages can be reasonably explained.Based on the pursuit of different institutional functions for environmental public and private interests,the amount of punitive damages for ecological environmental infringement is calculated with different calculation bases and multiples in different legal interests,that is,the punitive damages for environmental public interest infringement should appropriately use the punitive function and be set within 2 times of the loss of ecological environmental service functions;Punitive damages for environmental private interest infringement are prudently expanded within the scope of the infringer′s ability to compensate,so as to give full play to the incentive function of punitive damages for environmental private interest tort.By resolving the contradictions in the application of punitive damages for ecological environmental infringement,it is proposed to lay a reasonable basis for the application of the amount calculation,make for the gap in the application of punitive damages for ecological environmental infringement,and comprehensively relieve the public and private interests of the environment.

关 键 词：生态环境侵权 惩罚性赔偿 环境公私益 赔偿数额计算 

分 类 号：D922.68[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学] D925.1[政治法律—法学] D923