数字人民币智能合约的风险规制  

Risk-Based Regulation on the Smart Contracts in e-CNY

作　　者：柯达 Ke Da(Economic Law School,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 200042,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学经济法学院,上海200042

出　　处：《山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第2期180-192,共13页Journal of Shandong University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目“利益衡量视角下数字人民币的个人信息保护研究”(22SFB5049)。

摘　　要：智能合约具备自动执行、难以篡改等特点,其在我国制度环境下存在诸多应用困境。由于数字人民币表现为加密字符串,被存储于数字钱包之中,并具有国家信用的不可变更性和保管后的不可利用性,其可通过红包抵扣消费、定向汇款与调控、预付资金管理等领域的“条件支付”,改善智能合约的应用困境。但是,数字人民币智能合约仍存在法律风险,既有法律在合约拟定环节防止智能合约滥用的准入条件、审核标准以及管理义务等方面有待完善,在资金锁定与释放环节则面临数字钱包的合法性疏漏。不过,智能合约未直接限制数字人民币的货币本体,而是通过数字钱包限制支付指令的接收和发出,因此不损害货币的统一性与法偿性。对此,应在合约拟定环节构建智能合约的准入与日常管理机制,包括审核智能合约的合法性与法律语言转化、为央行的临时性干预提供技术接口等,并在资金锁定与释放环节建立小额匿名与结构化共存的数字钱包法律定位。Smart contracts,enabled by blockchain technology,are characterized by their capacity for autonomous execution, verifiability, and resistance to tampering. However, within the context of China’s institutional framework, particularly its financial regulatory system, smart contracts encounter technical and legal challenges, leading to their limited application scope. The Digital Yuan (e-CNY), China’s central bank digital currency, is denoted by an encrypted string and held within digital wallets, ensuring a stable credit value and safeguarding against unauthorized third-party use post-custody. Within this operational framework, the e-CNY, when integrated with smart contracts, facilitates conditional payments. These include applications such as utilizing red packets for shopping discounts, targeted remittance or macroeconomic control, advanced fund management, and automatic settlement-thereby potentially mitigating the practical difficulties faced by traditional smart contracts. When equipped with smart contracts, the e-CNY transaction process is delineated into stages of “drafting,” “locking,” and “releasing,” reinforcing that at its core, the smart contract within the e-CNY remains a computer program. As conditional legal constructs, smart contracts do not impede the intrinsic value of the e-CNY but rather govern the receipt and dispatch of payment instructions or other data transmissions via the digital wallet, which serves as the custodial medium, thus preserving the currency’s integrity and efficacy as legal tender. Notwithstanding, smart contracts associated with the e-CNY are not immune to legal perils. In the drafting phase, existing legislation lacks clarity regarding the permissible domains for smart contract integration and the auditing bodies’ scope. Specifications for commercial banks’ auditing standards and obligations, particularly concerning network and data security, call for further elaboration. Moreover, the responsibilities of commercial banks and the People’s Bank of China

关 键 词：数字人民币 智能合约 预付资金 法偿性 可编程性 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] F49[政治法律—法学] D922.28[经济管理—产业经济] F822