宪法视野下的婚检制度变革与完善——基于《民法典》第1053条告知义务的履行  

Reform and Improvement of Premarital Examination in Constitutional Context:On the Connection Between Article 49 of Constitution and Article 1053 of the Civil Code

作　　者：秦奥蕾[1] 陈一宏 Qin Ao-lei;Chen Yi-hong

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2024年第1期14-27,共14页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

摘　　要：《民法典》第1053条对禁婚疾病传统作出重大调整,成为新时代背景下婚检制度设计的重要法律依据。在婚姻宪法保护框架下,“婚姻自由—私人告知—自愿婚检”的传统思路忽略了比“婚姻自由保护”更为根本的“婚姻传统功能保护”。婚姻的公共性及解决相关司法实践难题的客观需要,使得婚检融入履行环节成为可能。从《宪法》到《民法典》再到《婚姻登记条例》,民法典时代婚检制度设计应沿循“婚姻保护—法定告知—弱强制婚检”设计思路,采取“程序强制+形式审查”模式,即当事人于婚前相互告知专业健康检查结论,婚姻登记机关仅要求当事人填写知晓声明并进行必要口头提示而不对告知内容及其真实性进行实质审查。Article 1053 of the Civil Code changed the legal tradition of prohibiting person who suffering from severe diseases from marriage,which has become an important legal basis for the design of the premarital examination in the new era.Under the framework of constitutional protection of marriage,the traditional idea that from freedom of marriage to private notification,and then voluntary marriage examination ignores the constitutional protection of traditional function of marriage.The public nature of marriage and the need of solving the relevant judicial practice problems indicate the restriction on how to perform the obligation of notification,which also makes it possible to integrate the pre-marital examination into the performance.Furthermore,from the Constitution to the Civil Code and then to the Marriage Registration Regulations,the design plan in the era of the Civil Code should follow the clue that from marriage protection to statutory notification,and then low-compulsory premarital examination.Consequently,we should adopt a model of“procedural compulsory plus formal review”.That is,the parties inform each other of the conclusions of the professional health examination before the marriage registration,and the authority only requires the parties to declare that they have knew each other’s health status,but not substantively review the content and authenticity of that notification.

关 键 词：民法典 婚检制度 婚姻保护 婚姻自由 疾病婚 

分 类 号：D923.9[政治法律—民商法学]