《民法典》实施后强制婚检的合宪性争议  

Disputes Over the Constitutionality of Compulsory Marriage Examination After the Implementation of the Civil Code

作　　者：屠振宇 Tu Zhen-yu

机构地区：[1]南开大学法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2024年第1期28-40,共13页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“突发重大公共卫生事件防控的法治体系研究”(项目编号:20&ZD189)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》的实施导致强制婚检合宪性问题浮出水面,也改变了其中争议的宪法评价。一方面,强制婚检规定作为一项保护性立法的定性并未改变。尽管强制婚检规定在《民法典》实施前后的立法目的有所区别,不再立足婚姻关系,而是回归到母婴健康保护,但由于婚姻基本权利条款已将家庭及其成员的国家保护纳入其中,所以强制婚检规定依然是对婚姻基本权利的保护而非干预,原则上可以被推定为合宪。但另一方面,随着《民法典》实施带来的婚姻自由观的更新,婚姻受国家保护的限度有了新的内涵,继续从国家管制角度推行强制婚检有违宪之虞。根据民法典精神,从私法角度对婚检的“强制”属性作出解释,统筹协调相关民事法律规则,应是强制婚检制度的改革方向。The implementation of the Civil Code has brought the constitutional issues related to mandatory premarital examinations to the forefront and has also changed the controversial constitutional evaluation.On the one hand,the characterization of mandatory premarital examination as protective legislation remains unchanged.Although the legislative purpose of mandatory premarital examination has shifted from focusing on marital relationships to maternal and infant health protection before and after the implementation of the Civil Code,it is still regarded as the protection of the fundamental right of marriage and not as intervention,as the basic rights provisions of marriage have incorporated state protection for families and their members.Therefore,in principle,the mandatory premarital examination could be presumed to be constitutional.On the other hand,with the updated concept of marriage freedom brought about by the implementation of the Civil Code,there is a new connotation to the extent of state protection for marriage.Continuing the promotion of mandatory premarital examination from the perspective of state regulation could potentially violate the constitution.According to the spirit of the Civil Code,it is necessary to interpret the“mandatory”attribute of premarital examination from the perspective of private law and coordinate relevant civil rules in order to reform the system of mandatory premarital examinations.

关 键 词：强制婚检 自愿婚检 婚姻基本权利 婚姻自由 合宪性 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]