婚检制度的法理反思与制度重构——以婚姻自主为核心的讨论  

Jurisprudential Reflection and Institutional Reconstruction of Premarital Examination:A Discussion Focused on Marriage Autonomy

作　　者：孙嘉阳 Sun Jia-yang

机构地区：[1]吉林大学法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2024年第1期41-54,共14页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“当代中国新兴权利生成机制研究”(项目编号:22AFX002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：自愿婚检制度自实施以来产生了诸多社会问题,并引发了对婚检是否应当强制的学术争论,但当前争论仅停留在制度表面,缺乏深入的理论反思。我国婚检制度从“形式”与“实质”双重强制的强制婚检制度转变为“无强制”的自愿婚检制度,这体现国家从“硬家长式”立场转变为尊重和保障公民婚姻自由的“自由式”立场。“自由式”立场将婚姻自主视为一种主权权利,这成了自愿婚检制度产生诸多社会问题的根源,并面临理论批判。这些批判促使婚姻自主从一种主权权利转变为一种品格理想。基于这种转变,婚检制度应立基于一种保障和促进公民婚姻自主的“软家长式”立场,并重构为采纳“形式强制”但拒绝“实质强制”的“弱强制”婚检制度。The voluntary Premarital Examination has brought about many social problems and the academic debate on whether this mechanism should be mandatory.However,the current debate only focuses on the surface of the system and lacks deep theoretical reflections.In China,the premarital examination has changed from the mandatory system with“formal coercion”and“substantive coercion”to the voluntary one with“no coercion”.This reveals that the state’s position has changed from the“hard paternalistic”stance to the“liberal”stance which respects and protects civil marriage autonomy.The“liberal”stance regards marriage autonomy as a sovereign right,which can be considered as the source of social problems caused by the voluntary premarital examination and therefore be criticized.The criticisms trigger a transformation of the meaning of marriage autonomy from a sovereign right to a character ideal.According to this transformation,premarital examination should be based on the“soft paternalistic”stance which protects and promotes civil marriage autonomy,and be reconstructed into the“weakly mandatory”system that adopts“formal coercion”but rejects“substantive coercion”.

关 键 词：婚检 婚姻自由 婚姻自主 国家中立性 国家至善性 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]