汉语中因果句和推理句的句法语义初探  

Causation vs.Reasoning in Chinese Cause-effect Complex Sentences:A Syntactic-semantic Approach

作　　者：朱丽师 ZHU Lishi

机构地区：[1]湖北大学文学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第1期70-83,共14页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“汉语复杂句的历史演变研究”(21CYY024);湖北大学“汉语历史句法-语义研究青年创新团队”(HBQN0206)的资助。

摘　　要：汉语因果复句内部呈现出因果和推理二分格局,两者在语义关系和句法表现等方面存在差异。在因果句“C_(2),因为C_(1)”中,从使因到结果,严格遵循事件层面的时间先后顺序。在推理句“C_(2),因为C_(1)”中,言者先认识到的理由C1,在事件层面是后出现的结果;而言者的推论C2,在事件层面却作为使因先行存在。因此,推理句存在认知进程和事件进程的错配。因果句的使因和结果共同构成一个言语行为单元,推理句的推论和理由则分属两个不同的言语行为单元。这样的言语行为特征决定:“因为C_(1)”在因果句中可被降级为补足语成分,可被否定或提问,可被排他词焦点化,可用于强调句型,C_(1),也可由体词性成分充当,而推理句排斥以上句法操作。A dichotomy of causation and reasoning with respect to the cause-effect complex sentences,flagged by a series of semantic and syntactic differences,should be observed with more attention.The causation subtype can be formularized as the doubleclause construction of"Cefee,yinwei Ceaue",observing the rule of causality and temporal sequence following which events occur in the real world,eg.Yinwei zuowan xiayu-le,jinzao malu shi shi-de'The street turns wet this morning because it rained last night'.The causes of this subtype can be divided into:1)explanatory causes,which are objective,e.g.Yinwei tian leng,gang-li-de shui dou jiebing-le Water in the tank froze because it was cold',and 2)normative causes,which are subjectively selected,formulated,attributed,or prescribed by the speakers so as to justify the happening and ought-to-have-been-done nature of Cefee For example,Yinwei mao you touchi-le yugang-li-de yu,suoyi wo mingtian xiaban hui duche'I'm bound to be stuck in traffic tomorrow after work because the cat has stolen the fish from the tank again'.In the reasoning subtype of"Ceouse'yinwei Carea",29 however,the very effect at the eventive level is employed as the firstly-cognized information,thus as the cause for finding out the cognitive result which is actually the prima facie cause at the event level,e.g.Zuowan xiayu-le,yinwei jinzao malu shi shi-de"It rained last night because the street is all wet this morning'.The paper proposes that the causation subtype constitutes a single speech act unit while the reasoning subtype,two separate units.This contrast has a handful of syntactic consequences.For instance,only in the causation subtype can the pre-disambiguated common construction"yinwei-C"which is usually in emphatic use be downgraded to noun complements so as to modify the codesignated noun of yuanyin/yuangu;"yinwei-C"of the causation subtype can also be negated or rendered as a polar question or alternative question inquiring about the certainty of propositional attitude;and notably enough,only the causation

关 键 词：因果复句 因果 推理 言语行为单元 小句整合 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]