“在在皆耕兵”:明后期广西东部耕兵体系的形成  

“Farming Soldiers in All Areas”: The Formation of the Farming Soldier System in the Late Ming Dynasty in Eastern Guangxi

作　　者：任建敏[1] REN Jianmin(Centre for Historical Anthropology&Department of History,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China,510275)

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史人类学研究中心/历史学系,广东广州510275

出　　处：《贵州大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第1期84-94,共11页Journal of Guizhou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“明清以来南岭民族走廊的国家治理与社会整合研究”(22JJD850016)。

摘　　要：土司制度在明代西南边疆治理中发挥着重要作用。兵源主要来自土司地区的耕兵是明代广西创设的一种特殊军事力量。明正德、嘉靖之际,由于广西地区募兵政策的小范围运用,来自桂西土司的土兵逐渐进入到既有兵堡之中,并与自明初以来就已经在桂东地区颇为普遍的“招獞防猺”政策相结合,嘉靖九年(1530)最先在桂林形成了第一次大规模的耕兵创设。随着隆庆六年(1572)古田善后模式的确立,耕兵制度进一步被广西当局所鼓励,广西耕兵体系在桂东地区得以大规模的推行开来。到了万历中期,已经形成了取代卫所旗军、地方民壮最为重要的维系桂东地方稳定的防卫力量,分布于桂东“猺獞”动乱最为突出的区域周边。随着时间推移,大量来自桂西的耕兵在桂东落地生根,渐次融入地方社会之中,并对后世广西民族分布格局产生了深远影响。The native chieftain system played an important role in the governance of the southwestern borderland in the Ming Dynasty.The farming soldiers,which mainly came from the chieftain region in western Guangxi,was a special military force established in Guangxi during the Ming Dynasty.During the Zhengde and Jiajing reigns,due to the small-scale application of recruitment policies in Guangxi,local soldiers from the chieftains in western Guangxi gradually entered the existing military fortresses.This situation combined with the“recruit Zhuang to defense Yao”policy that had been quite common in eastern Guangxi since the early Ming Dynasty.In 1530,large-scale recruitment of farming soldiers was first appeared in Guilin.With the establishment of the Gutian rehabilitation model in 1572,the farming soldier system was further encouraged by the Guangxi authorities,and was able to be widely implemented in the eastern region of Guangxi.By the mid-Wanli reign,it became the most important defense force to maintain local stability in eastern Guangxi,replacing the garrison army and the local militia,distributed around the most prominent areas of eastern Guangxi’s turmoil.Over time,a large number of farming soldiers from western Guangxi settled and took root in eastern Guangxi,gradually integrating into local society and having a profound impact on the distribution pattern of ethnic groups in Guangxi in later generations.

关 键 词：耕兵 土兵 寓兵于农 明代 广西 

分 类 号：K06[历史地理—历史学]