中美洲三大古文明地域出土玉器的玉料利用综述  

Overview on the utilizations of jade materials for jade artifacts unearthedfrom the three major ancient civilizations of Mesoamerica

作　　者：石晓薇 王荣[1] SHI Xiaowei;WANG Rong(Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学文物与博物馆学系,上海200433

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2024年第1期157-169,共13页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：上海市哲学社会科学规划课题(2021ZLS001)资助。

摘　　要：玉器是中美洲三大古文明的重要载体,具有祭祀、礼仪和装饰等多重功能。通过引入科技考古视野,首先经眼学和谱学方法(如显微镜、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等)的分析结果可知,中美洲所用玉材至少有20种且以翡翠为主,进而分析了中美洲先民的玉材利用特点:体现在治玉方面,古典时代玛雅人在雕琢、钻孔、磨抛并标准化加工翡翠的过程中展现了高效而精湛的技艺;体现在性别方面,高等级男性贵族用玉以绿色翡翠器为尊,女性贵族使用各色且种类多样的玉器而很少拥有翡翠器;体现在等级方面,贵族常用大量象征性玉器,平民使用单件玉质工具;体现在历时性方面,翡翠受资源、文化等因素影响,阿兹特克古文明的先民们对翡翠的利用率下降。本文丰富了对中美洲独特且多元的玉器发展史和玉文化的认识。Jade artifacts played a fundamental role in the three major ancient civilizations of Mesoamerica,serving multiple purposes including sacrifice,ritual and decoration.Through the incorporation of scientific and technological archaeological perspectives,alongside optical and spectroscopic methods(such as microscopy,infrared spectrometry and Raman spectrometry),it was firstly determined that at least 20 types of jade materials were used in Mesoamerica,with jadeite as the main material.Then the characteristics of material utilization by Mesoamerican ancestors were analyzed and it is suggested:in terms of jade production,Mayans in the Classic Period displayed efficient and consummate techniques in the carving,drilling,grinding,polishing and standardized manufacturing of jadeite;in terms of gender,high-ranking male aristocrats used a large quantity of jade artifacts,with green jadeite being the most prestigious,whereas female aristocrats seldom possessed jadeite artifacts but used jade artifacts with various colors and types;in terms of hierarchy,aristocrats often used a lot of symbolic jade artifacts,and commoners used a single piece of jade tool;in terms of diachronicity,influenced by various factors such as resources and cultures,etc.in ancient civilizations of Mesoamerica,the utilization of jadeite of Aztecs decreased.This paper enriches the understanding of the diverse and distinctive history of jade artifact development and jade culture in Mesoamerica.

关 键 词：中美洲 三大古文明 出土玉器 玉料利用 科技考古 

分 类 号：K86[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]