儿童照料费用对女性劳动参与决策的影响研究  

Research on the Impact of Child Care Costs on Women’s Labor Participation in Decision-making

作　　者：黄乾[1] 郭建君 HUANG Qian;GUO Jian-jun(School of Economics,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学经济学院,天津300071

出　　处：《西北人口》2024年第2期103-113,共11页Northwest Population Journal

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“全面二孩政策对老年人健康的影响、作用机制与社会支持政策模拟”(72074128);国家社科基金一般项目“空间关联视角下国际贸易驱动劳动力市场效率与安全协同提升的研究”(23BJL058)。

摘　　要：自我国开始市场化改革以来,我国女性劳动参与率呈现不断下降的趋势,且长期低于男性劳动参与率。受传统家庭劳动分工的影响,女性在家庭中承担着养育孩子的主要责任,因而与儿童照料相关的成本负担通常会对女性劳动供给产生一定的负面影响。在我国进行托育制度改革后,公共托育体系的瓦解抬高了儿童托育服务的价格。目前,我国女性劳动参与率的持续下降与儿童照料费用的不断增加有着密切联系。基于此观察,利用中国健康和营养调查(CHNS)1991~2015年九期调查数据,创新性地利用了社区0~6岁儿童托幼机构的托儿费支出这一指标,综合使用Probit模型和工具变量法实证分析了儿童照料费用对我国女性劳动参与决策的影响。研究结果发现:儿童照料费用的增加显著降低了女性的劳动参与率。异质性分析表明,儿童照料费用的增加对于城镇、受教育程度较低、30岁以下和中低收入水平家庭的女性劳动参与率的负面影响更为明显。稳健性分析表明,儿童照料费用的增加对男性劳动参与率没有显著的负面影响;在控制内生性后,儿童照料费用对女性劳动参与率的负向影响显著增强。在生育政策完全放开的背景下,完善普惠托幼服务体系、健全女性就业保障制度和倡导男性共同承担育儿责任是提升我国女性劳动参与率的重要措施。Since the beginning of market-oriented reform in our country,the female labor participation rate has shown a continuous downward trend and has been lower than the male labor participation rate for a long time.Due to the influ-ence of traditional family division of labor,women bear the main responsibility of raising children in the family.There-fore,the cost burden related to child care usually has a certain negative impact on the labor supply for women.After the reform of the childcare system in our country,the collapse of the public childcare system has raised the price of child-care services.At present,the continuous decline in female labor participation rate in China is closely related to the in-creasing cost of child care.Based on this observation,using the data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)1991-2015 survey,we innovatively utilized the indicator of childcare expenses in community childcare insti-tutions for children aged 0~6,and empirically analyzed the impact of child care expenses on women’s labor participa-tion decision-making in China using the Probit model and instrumental variable method.The research findings show that the increase in child care costs significantly reduces women’s labor participation rate.Heterogeneity analysis shows that the increase in child care costs has a more significant negative impact on female labor participation rates in urban areas,households with lower levels of education,those under 30 years old,and middle to low-income families.Robustness analysis shows that the increase in child care costs does not have a significant negative impact on male la-bor participation rates;After controlling for endogeneity,the negative impact of child care costs on female labor partici-pation rate significantly increases.Against the backdrop of the complete relaxation of the birth policy,improving the in-clusive childcare service system,improving the female employment security system,and advocating for men to jointly assume childcare responsibilities are important measure

关 键 词：托幼费用 劳动参与 托育服务 

分 类 号：F249.2[经济管理—劳动经济]