单边经济制裁对多边主义的挑战与协同规制  

Unilateral Economic Sanctions as a Challenge to Multilateralism and Synergistic Regulation

作　　者：杨松[1,2] 李姝娟 Yang Song;Li Shujuan

机构地区：[1]辽宁大学法学院 [2]沈阳师范大学 [3]辽宁大学法学院金融安全与法治研究中心

出　　处：《国际法研究》2024年第1期65-78,共14页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：当前,国际格局正发生结构性变化,以单边经济制裁为代表的单边主义盛行,直接威胁多边机制的正常运转,引发了国际法治危机。伴随着理论界的多边主义与单边主义之争,国际经济制裁正表现出由多边性主导向单边化转变的趋势,实践中单边经济制裁的过度使用导致一度作为例外的单边制裁超越了基于条约的多边制裁。为提升单边经济制裁在大国竞争中的作用,美国积极推动与盟友的单边经济制裁“复边化”,并通过其影响力推动制裁规则趋同化。这种单边经济制裁的泛化适用加剧了国际经贸规则碎片化现象,严重破坏了多边规则体系。应对这种伪多边主义下的排他式单边经济制裁,各国要提倡多边协调为主与单边反制为辅的模式。一方面,在单边路径上构建国际法限度内的有效反制体系,另一方面,在多边路径上对单边经济制裁进行类型化界定和区别化规制,以此来制约单边经济制裁的任意扩张,捍卫以联合国为核心的多边主义国际秩序。Structural changes are taking place in the international landscape,and the prevalence of unilateralism,as represented by unilateral economic sanctions,directly threatens the normal functioning of multilateral mechanisms and has triggered a crisis in the international rule of law.Accompanied by the theoretical debate between multilateralism and unilateralism,international economic sanctions are showing a tendency to shift from multilateralism to unilateralism,and the overuse of unilateral economic sanctions in practice has led to unilateral sanctions,which were once the exception,to overtake multilateral sanctions adopted on the basis of treaties.In order to enhance the role of unilateral economic sanctions in the competition among major powers,the United States has actively promoted the"plurilateralization"of unilateral economic sanctions with its allies and the convergence of sanction rules through its influence.The generalized application of such unilateral economic sanctions has exacerbated the fragmentation of international economic and trade rules and seriously undermined the system of multilateral rules.To cope with the exclusionary unilateral economic sanctions under this pseudo-multilateralism,it is necessary to advocate a mode that combines multilateral coordination with unilateral countermeasures and restrictions.On the one hand,an effective countermeasure system within the limits of international law should be constructed on the unilateral path,and on the other hand,a typology of unilateral economic sanctions should be defined and differentiated on the multilateral path,so as to constrain the arbitrary expansion of unilateral economic sanctions and to safeguard the international order of multilateralism with the United Nations at its core.

关 键 词：多边主义 单边经济制裁 国际秩序 反制裁 协同规制 

分 类 号：D996[政治法律—经济法学]