双视角、双维度下超大城市的通勤效率——以上海市为例  

Commuting efficiency in dual dimensions of education and travel mode in Shanghai from the perspectives of average distance and spatial organization

作　　者：岳丽莹 朱宇[1] 李开明 YUE Liying;ZHU Yu;LI Kaiming(Asian Demographic Research Institute,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China;Department of Architecture,Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China)

机构地区：[1]上海大学人口研究所暨亚洲人口研究中心,上海200444 [2]上海大学上海美术学院建筑系,上海200444

出　　处：《地理研究》2024年第2期429-445,共17页Geographical Research

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目(23YJCZH287);中国博士后科学基金项目(2023M732174);上海市浦江人才计划(22PJC049);上海市哲学社会科学规划课题(2023BCK003)。

摘　　要：居住-就业空间配置决定居民通勤行为,开展通勤效率研究对优化职住空间分布,解决城市交通问题尤为重要,但已有研究鲜有从双视角(平均通勤距离与通勤空间组织)、双维度(学历与出行方式)对其进行考察。以上海市为例,基于2015年1%人口抽样调查数据,采用过剩通勤指标,从双视角、双维度深入分析超大城市的通勤效率及其群体异质性。研究表明:(1)整体上,上海市52.12%的居民出行属于过剩通勤,使用了15.38%的通勤容量,表明城市职住关系优化潜力较大。(2)具体维度上,不同学历、出行方式的通勤效率存在明显差异。相较于小汽车出行,公共交通出行的通勤效率更低,职住关系优化空间更大,尤其是低学历就业者。与单一维度相比,双维度的交叉分析呈现更加复杂的结果。(3)视角上,平均通勤距离和通勤空间组织之间存在非线性关系。对于公共交通出行,低学历就业者的实际通勤距离大于高学历就业者,但前者的通勤空间组织更为有序。同时,过剩通勤指标表明相较于短通勤模式,长通勤模式不一定是低效率、无序的。以上结果强调了基于双视角、双维度研究通勤效率的重要性和必要性。此外,值得注意的是,低学历-公共交通出行的职住平衡程度最低,城市应该在未来保障性住房、公共交通体系建设方面更加关注低技能、低收入等弱势群体。The jobs-housing spatial relationship determines urban residents'commuting behavior.Research on commuting efficiency is of great significance for optimizing urban spatial structure and alleviating urban traffic problems such as congestion.However,few studies have examined commuting efficiency from dual perspectives(average trip length and spatial organization)and dual dimensions(education level and travel mode).Based on data at sub-district scale from the 1% National Population Sampling Survey in 2015,this paper describes the characteristics of urban commuting efficiency from the perspectives of average travel distance and spatial organization under the excess commuting framework,and explores its heterogeneity across education level and travel mode subgroups in Shanghai.The results show that:(1)52.12% of the commuting trips belong to excess commuting,and only 15.38% of the commuting capacity is used,which indicates that great capacity exists for optimizing the jobs-housing spatial relationship in Shanghai.(2)There is a significant difference in commuting efficiency across education level and travel mode subgroups.Compared with low education level and car travel,high education level and public transportation travel have a lower degree of commuting efficiency,and a greater potential for jobs-housing relationship optimization.There is an interaction between education level and travel mode.For car travel,the commuting distance of high education subgroup is much greater than that of low education subgroup,but for public transport travel,the trend is opposite.(3)There is a non-linear relationship between the average commuting distance and commuting spatial organization.The bi-dimensional cross analysis shows that the long commuting pattern is not necessarily inefficient and disorderly,and the short commuting pattern is not necessarily efficient and orderly.The above results emphasize the importance of studying commuting efficiency based on dual dimensions and dual perspectives.In addition,it is worth noting that less e

关 键 词：职住平衡 过剩通勤 通勤效率 上海 

分 类 号：F572.88[经济管理—产业经济]