悲剧现实主义  

Tragic Realism

作　　者：塔蒂亚娜·尤基奇 Tatjana Jukić(the Department of English,University of Zagreb,Croatia)

机构地区：[1]克罗地亚萨格勒布大学英语系

出　　处：《外国文学研究》2024年第1期22-36,共15页Foreign Literature Studies

摘　　要：“悲剧现实主义”由埃里希·奥尔巴赫提出,总结了他对“模仿”以及语文学的理解。奥尔巴赫主要使用悲剧现实主义来描述19世纪小说的智识要求,但这一概念所反映的正是19世纪现代性在法国大革命后对维系及探查世界的激进历史性的迫切需求。因此,奥尔巴赫在《模仿论》(1946)中强调了对日常生活的重点关注。奥尔巴赫于1941至1942年间在伊斯坦布尔的演说中对现实主义的阐释体现了悲剧现实主义早已主导他的思维:“悲剧”意味着现代现实主义包含希腊悲剧的睿智。同希腊悲剧一样,现代现实主义介入了世界的激进历史性,而民主的概念体系正是通过这一历史性得到商榷。鉴于此,本文聚焦奥尔巴赫在伊斯坦布尔的演说,探讨悲剧现实主义的三个层面。此三个层面奥尔巴赫皆有谈及,但未曾得到深层解释:第一,悲剧现实主义是一种用作解释历史的灾难结构,第二次世界大战即为证明;第二,19世纪英语小说乃一种迂回的现实主义;第三,影视在20世纪成为现实主义的载体。这三个层面勾勒出悲剧现实主义的隐性理论。这一理论不仅对《模仿论》进行了补充,而且指向具有普遍意义的现代性理论。Tragic realism is a concept outlined by Erich Auerbach;in many ways,it summarizes his understanding of mimesis and,by extension,his understanding of philology.While Auerbach employs it mainly to describe the intellectual stakes of the novel in the nineteenth century,what it captures is no less than the imperative of nineteenth-century modernity,in the wake of the French Revolution,to sustain and investigate the radical historicity of the world;hence Auerbach’s emphatic concern with the everyday in Mimesis(1946).By then,however,tragic realism has already dominated Auerbach’s thinking,most pointedly perhaps in his Istanbul lecture on realism in 1941-1942:“tragic”suggesting that modern realism entails the intelligence of Greek tragedy,invested as Greek tragedy was in engaging the world’s radical historicity,against which the conceptual apparatus of democracy was negotiated.With a focus on the Istanbul lecture,I propose to discuss tragic realism against three points that Auerbach makes,but does not pursue:first,that tragic realism serves to explain history as a structure of catastrophe,as evidenced by the Second World War;second,that the nineteenth-century English novel sidesteps realism;and third,that cinema takes over as a foothold of realism in the twentieth century.Taken together,these three claims seem to chart a tacit theory of tragic realism that supplements Mimesis and invites a general theory of modernity.

关 键 词：悲剧现实主义 埃里希·奥尔巴赫 战争 悲剧 小说 中国 原子论 世界文学 

分 类 号：I106[文学—世界文学] J905[艺术—电影电视艺术]