“大”音演变的新思考  

A New Look at the Sound Change of the Word‘big'in Chinese

作　　者：沈瑞清 SHEN Ruiqing

机构地区：[1]新加坡国立大学中文系,新加坡119077

出　　处：《语言学论丛》2024年第1期110-122,共13页Essays on Linguistics

摘　　要：本文在前人研究的基础上进一步讨论汉语通语及方言中“大”音的演变。第一节梳理了唐代以前“大”的读音的相关记录,指出:秦汉以前还没有见到“大”跟歌部读音有关的任何押韵或文献证据;《淮南子》表示“舵”的“”是根据汉代准南方言发明的一个方言俗字;音注材料里读歌韵的“大”见于郭璞与刘昌宗的音注;域外对音中《长阿含经》读*a韵的“大”则反映了十六国时期的西北方言。第二节分析了汉语方言中“大”的三种读音类型,分别是“不读泰韵”“读泰韵不读歌韵”与“读泰韵歌韵皆有可能”。基于一、二两节的讨论,第三节提出文献与方言中“大”音的关系:闽语、客家话、粤语的“大”的读音很可能跟汉代淮南方言有关;湘语、赣语“大”的读音则跟唐宋以前的通语有关;官话方言的“大”则跟元代以后的通语有关。我们还提出歌韵的“大”音来自“伪读书音”的假设。第四节则是理论方面的思考与总结。This paper discusses the sound change of the word‘big'in Chinese.Section 1 focuses on the relevant texts that reflex the pronunciation of‘big'before the Tang dynasty.The following facts have been observed:(1)There is no evidence in rhyming or textual materials to support the association of‘big'with the Ge(歌)rhyme before Qin-Han period.(2)The character‘'for the word‘ruddle'was created based on the Huainan dialect in the Han dynasty.(3)In terms of sound glosses,‘big'was classifed to the Ge(歌)rhyme by Guo Pu and Liu Chang zong.(4)The*a rhyme of‘big'in the translation of Dirghagama-sutra is due to its pronunciation in the Northwestern dialect in the the Sixteen Kingdoms period.Section 2 analyzes the three sound types of‘big'in Chinese dialects,namely(1)with non-Thai(泰)rhyme,(2)with Thai(泰)rhyme but not Ge(歌)rhyme,and(3)either with Thai(泰)rhyme or Ge(歌)rhyme.Based on the discussion in Sections 1 and 2,Section 3 proposes the relationship between texts and dialects in terms of the pronunciation of‘big':(1)The pronunciation of‘big'in Min,Hakka,and Yue is likely to be related to the Huainan dialect in the Han dynasty;(2)The pronunciation of‘big'in Xiang and Gan is related to the lingua franca before the Tang-Song period;(3)The pronunciation of‘big'in Mandarin is related to the lingua franca after the Yuan dynasty.A hypothesis that the Ge(歌)rhyme pronunciation of‘big'originated from pseudo-literary pronunciation has also been proposed.Section 4 concludes with a discussion of related theoretical issues.

关 键 词：“大”的读音 通语 汉语方言 歌泰同韵 伪读书音 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语]