汉语词语阐释探略  

A Brief Study of the Interpretation of Chinese Words and Expressions

作　　者：徐时仪[1] XU Shi-yi

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文学院,上海200234

出　　处：《古汉语研究》2024年第1期2-14,126,共14页Research in Ancient Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“朱子语录词语汇释”(18AYY018)。

摘　　要：语言变异是语言系统不断适应社会发展和交际需要的动力所在,人们交际或多或少所产生的语义变异可以由词汇语法层的不同形式来表达。“掉枪花、耍花腔”“耳闻目见、耳闻目睹”“干名采誉、沽名钓誉”“巧新妇做不得无面饦、巧妇难为无米之炊”“随文生义、望文生义”等词语具有形式结构上的相似性与深层语义的相融性特征,构成词汇、语法层中词与语既相互区别又彼此关联的一个连续统,在历史演变过程中渐化俗入雅或融雅入俗,趋于归一于选用历史层次古老文化积淀丰厚和通用范围广泛的词语表达形式,从中可见言语意义←→语言意义、方俗口语←→南北通语←→书面语、本土文化←→外来文化和社会各阶层间趋雅←→从俗共存相融的时空演变,体现了语言←→人←→客观世界的错综复杂的关联及人们具体取舍的价值取向。阐释这些词语要紧扣汉语在字与词及词与语等方面的独特性,注重形音义三者的考辨。The language variation which is caused by speech variations is the motivation for the language system to constantly adapt to social development and communication needs,and the semantic variations in people's communication can be expressed more or less in different forms at the lexical and grammatical level。Words and expressions like"掉枪花、耍花腔(Playtricks)"and"耳闻目见、耳闻目赌(Hear with your own ears and see with your own eyes)","干名采誉、沽名钓誉(To buy fame and solicit or purchase praise)","巧新妇做不得无面饪、巧妇难为无米之炊(one can'tmakebricks without straw)"and"随文生义、望文生义(Be far-fetched and not seek for deep understandings)"have similar characteristics in forms and structures as well as the characteristics of blending in deep semantics.These characteristics constitute a continuum in which words and expressions are both different from each other and related to each other in vocabulary and grammar level.From this,we can see the space-time evolution of different factors like"Speech meaning←→Language meaning"and"Oral language←→North South Common Language←→Written Language"and"Local culture←→Foreign culture"and"The social classes tend to be refined←→Follow local customs".It reflects intricate relationships of"Language←→People←→The objective world"and the value orientation of people's specific choices.The interpretation of these words should tightly follow the uniqueness of Chinese in terms of Chinese characters and words,and words and phrases,and pay attention to the textual research and discrimination of form,sound and meaning.

关 键 词：汉语词语 形音义 习语俗谚 

分 类 号：H131[语言文字—汉语]