福泽谕吉《劝学篇》首章与明治革命  

The Initial Chapter of Fukuzawa Yukichi's An Encouragement of Learning and the Meiji Restoration

作　　者：渡边浩[1] 陆健欢(译) Watanabe Hiroshi;Lu Jianhuan(University of Tokyo;Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]东京大学 [2]清华大学历史系

出　　处：《日语学习与研究》2024年第1期1-11,共11页Journal of Japanese Language Study and Research

摘　　要：以“天不造人上之人,亦不造人下之人”为开篇的福泽谕吉《劝学篇》首章(1872年)常被认为效仿美国十三州《独立宣言》,其内容在当时的日本颇具冲击性。然而,福泽所表达的是人(男性)生来没有差别,因为有无学问才有了贫富、贵贱之差,这与《独立宣言》的主张截然不同。其阐述不如说是一种儒学思想,甚而言之,在当时实行科举制度的中国,这仅仅是一种社会现实。但在以身份、地位世袭制为基石的德川日本,这对政治、社会体制而言确是一种危险的理念。不仅如此,特别是在十八世纪以降,虽然日本广为学习儒学,但能够学习的大多数人实际乃是富贵阶层,“劝学”理念反过来成为了他们巩固地位的理论工具。然而同时,这种理想与现实之间的距离使得有才能之人逐渐产生积怨与愤恨。所谓“明治维新”,其作为一场破坏世袭身份制度的革命,得以发生的一大原因,便是下级武士所不断积蓄的不满与愤怒。The initial chapter of Fukuzawa Yukichi's An Encouragement of Learning(Gakumon no Susume)(1872),which starts with the phrase"It is said that'Heaven does not create a person above or below any others'",is often considered to be influenced by the Declaration of Independence of thirteen states in the United States,and its content was quite shocking in Japan at the time.However,Fukuzawa expressed the idea that people(males)are born without differences,and it is only through the presence or absence of learning that differences in wealth and status arise,which is distinct from the assertions of the Declaration of Independence.His exposition can be seen as a Confucian thought rather than a revolutionary concept.Moreover,in China,where the imperial examination system was implemented,this was merely a social reality.But in Tokugawa Japan,where the hereditary system of status and position was fundamental,this idea indeed posed a dangerous notion to the political and social system.Furthermore,particularly after the 18th century,even though Confucianism was widely studied in Japan,the majority of those who had the opportunity to learn were actually from the wealthy classes.The concept of"encouraging learning"conversely became a theoretical tool for them to justify their status.However,the gap between this ideal and reality also gradually led to dissatisfaction and anger among talented individuals.One major cause of the so-called"Meiji Restoration"—a revolution that dismantled the hereditary status system—was the accumulating dissatisfaction and anger of the lower-ranking samurai.

关 键 词：福泽谕吉 劝学篇 明治维新 儒家思想 科举制度 

分 类 号：D731.3[政治法律—政治学] K313.41[政治法律—中外政治制度]