纳米铝粉在炸药中的应用研究进展及趋势  

Research Progress and Trend of Application of Nano-Aluminum Powder in Explosives

作　　者：郭惠丽[1] 张为鹏[1] 黄亚峰[1] 赵东奎[1] GUO Hui-li;ZHANG Wei-peng;HUANG Ya-feng;ZHAO Dong-kui(Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute,Xi'an 710065,China)

机构地区：[1]西安近代化学研究所,陕西710065

出　　处：《爆破》2024年第1期159-171,共13页Blasting

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(22175139)。

摘　　要：铝粉是火炸药行业中最常用的金属燃料。相比微米铝粉,纳米铝粉的比表面积、反应活性和反应完全性都高得多。因此,将纳米铝粉应用于炸药中,无疑将改善炸药的反应完全性,增加炸药威力,提高弹药的毁伤效能。本文系统综述了纳米铝粉对爆轰性能、安全性能、工艺性能等多种炸药性能的影响。就爆轰性能而言,纳米铝粉可以提高混合炸药几乎所有的爆轰参数,包括爆速、爆热、空中爆炸的冲击波超压峰值、水下爆炸的总能量、燃料空气炸药的爆炸压力峰值和爆炸压力上升速率、金属加速能力、纵火能力、作功能力及猛度等,可以全方位提高混合炸药的毁伤效果。但是,由于部分研究者选用的纳米铝粉有效铝含量差异较大,常常得出不同的结论。就安全性能而言,纳米铝粉的引入提高了混合炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度、冲击波感度、热感度等,显著降低了炸药的点火能,并且对常用炸药(如TNT、RDX、HMX、CL-20、NG、TATB等)热分解有促进作用,导致纳米炸药的引入对混合炸药的安全性能有不利影响;就工艺性能而言,在浇注固体炸药体系中,纳米铝粉增加了浇注固体炸药体系的粘度,降低了压装炸药体系中炸药药柱的密度,纳米炸药的引入恶化了混合炸药的工艺性能。本文指出,由于纳米铝粉的比表面积大、反应活性高,从制备到储存的各个环节极易氧化,造成纳米铝粉的有效铝含量急剧降低,是部分研究者得到错误结论的一个重要原因。因此,应深入研究纳米铝粉的制备方法和存储条件,使纳米铝粉在炸药中充分发挥效能。Aluminum powder is the most used metal fuel in explosives industry.The nano aluminum powder has a much higher specific surface area,reaction reactivity and completeness compared with the micron aluminum pow-der.Therefore,the application of nano aluminum powder in explosives will undoubtedly improve the explosive power and the ammunition damage efficiency.This article has systematically reviewed the effects of nano aluminum powder on the detonation performance,safety performance,process performance and other explosive properties.As for the det-onation performance,the nano aluminum powder can improve almost all detonation parameters of the mixed explo-sive,including the detonation velocity and heat,the peak value of shock wave overpressure of air explosion,the total energy of underwater explosion,the peak value of explosion pressure and the rise rate of explosion pressure of the fu-el-air explosives,the metal acceleration ability,arson ability,work ability,and brisance,et al.However,some incor-rect conclusions are often drawn by some researchers due to the low effective aluminum contents of the nano alumi-num powder.In terms of safety performance,the introduction of nano aluminum powder increases the impact sensitivi-tyfriction sensitivity,shock wave sensitivity and thermal sensitivity of mixed explosives,which significantly reduces the ignition energy of explosives and promotes the thermal decomposition of common explosives(such as TNT,RDX,HMX,CL-20,NG,etc.).Therefore,the introduction of nano explosives has a negative influence on the safety per-formance of mixed explosives.In terms of process performance,the nano aluminum powder increases the viscosity of the cast explosive system.However,it reduces the density of the explosive column in the pressed explosive system.Therefore,the introduction of nano-aluminum explosive deteriorates the process performance of the mixed explosive.It is pointed out that it is easy to oxidize in various stages from preparation to storage due to the large specific surface area and hig

关 键 词：金属材料 金属纳米粒子 火炸药 

分 类 号：TB31[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程] TJ55[兵器科学与技术—军事化学与烟火技术]