番茄嫁接和施氮对氮肥去向和氮平衡的影响  

Effects of Tomato Grafting and Nitrogen Fertilization on Fertilizer Nitrogen Fate and Nitrogen Balance

作　　者：孙昭安 张译文 江丽华[3] 李昭君 郭鑫 曹慧[1] 孟凡乔[4] SUN ZhaoAn;ZHANG YiWen;JIANG LiHua;LI ZhaoJun;GUO Xin;CAO Hui;MENG FanQiao(University Characteristic Laboratory of Precision Cultivation and Germplasm Innovation of Horticultural Crops in Shandong/School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences,Weifang University,Weifang 261061,Shandong;Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Zhaoyuan Agricultural and Rural Bureau,Zhaoyuan 265499,Shandong;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100;College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193)

机构地区：[1]潍坊学院现代农学院/山东省高校园艺作物精准栽培与种质创新特色实验室,山东潍坊261061 [2]山东省招远市农业农村局农业技术推广中心,山东招远265499 [3]山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,济南250100 [4]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第4期755-764,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32072518);山东省重大科技创新工程(2019JZZY010721);潍坊市科技发展计划(2019GX016)。

摘　　要：【目的】定量番茄植株地上部带走的土壤氮量以及土壤残留的肥料氮量,评估嫁接和施氮对氮肥去向、土壤氮平衡以及土壤净残留肥料氮的影响。【方法】通过15N尿素示踪结合盆栽试验,试验番茄品种‘齐达利’和‘017’,包括嫁接和不嫁接以及施氮和不施氮处理。借助15N标记技术区分植株和土壤中源于肥料氮和土壤氮的贡献,进而追踪肥料氮去向;计算土壤氮吸收的加氮交互效应(即施氮与不施氮植株对土壤氮吸收的差值),最终评估土壤氮的平衡。【结果】番茄植株干重和氮吸收量对施氮的响应取决于接穗品种和嫁接处理。肥料氮对整个植株氮吸收贡献率为35.9%—38.8%,对地上部氮吸收的贡献(35.9%—39.9%)高于根系(31.6%—36.2%)。土壤氮吸收的加氮交互效应在大多数情况下呈现正值,嫁接对加氮交互效应无显著影响。各处理肥料氮分配到植株地上部、土壤和损失的平均比值为4.0﹕2.6﹕3.4,作物-土壤系统对氮肥的总回收率(地上部吸收+土壤残留)为70%。在施氮量250 kg·hm^(-2)水平,各处理的土壤残留肥料氮无法弥补植株地上部带走的土壤本身氮,从长期来看,这可能导致土壤本身氮肥力的消耗。【结论】如果选择增加氮肥投入来弥补土壤本身氮的消耗,可能导致氮肥损失的风险。本研究中,与番茄‘齐达利’自根苗、‘017’自根苗和嫁接苗相比,‘齐达利’接穗与南瓜砧木组合增加了根际土壤对肥料氮的固持,降低了肥料氮的损失。因此,合适砧穗组合可能是保持番茄土壤氮肥力的有效园艺措施。【Objective】By quantifying the amounts of soil-derived nitrogen(N)uptake by tomato aboveground and residual fertilizer N in soil,this study evaluated the impacts of tomato grafting and N fertilization on the fertilizer N fate,net residual fertilizer N,and N balance in soil-tomato production.【Method】A pot experiment with 15N-labeled urea and the experiment were conducted.Tomato varieties were Qidali and 017,included grafting(grafting and self-rooted),and fertilization(control and N-fertilization)treatments.The 15N tracer was used to distinguish the contribution of fertilizer-and soil-derived N in plants and soils,the fertilizer N fate and the added-N interaction(ANI,i.e.the difference of soil-derived N uptake between N-fertilized and-unfertilized treatments),and the N balance in soil-tomato production was also evaluated.【Result】The contribution of fertilizer N to whole plant N uptake was 35.9%-38.8%,and the contribution to aboveground plant N uptake(35.9%-39.9%)was higher than that in root N uptake(31.6%-36.2%).The ANI exhibited positive values in most treatments,and there was no significant impacts from grafting.Under all the treatments,the average fertilizer N allocated to aboveground,soil and loss was 4.0﹕2.6﹕3.4,and the total recovery of fertilizer N(aboveground N uptake+soil residue)was about 70%.At the fertilizer N level of 250 kg·hm^(-2),the residual fertilizer N in the soil could not compensate for the soil-derived N allocation to tomato aboveground,and this might cause the depletion of soil N stock in the long run.【Conclusion】The risk of fertilizer N loss was high if large rate of N fertilization was chosen compensate the consumption of soil native N.Compared with tomato 017 scion and self-rooted treatment,the combination of tomato Qidali scion and pumpkin rootstock increased the fertilizer N stay in soil and reduced the fertilizer N loss.Appropriate tomato scion and rootstock could be an feasible and effective measure to maintain the soil N fertility in tomato production.

关 键 词：番茄 氮肥利用率 加氮交互效应 化肥氮去向 15N标记 

分 类 号：S641.2[农业科学—蔬菜学]