现代中国哲学的批判性建构:以张东荪中西哲学比较研究为例  

The Critical Construction of Modern Chinese Philosophy:A Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Philosophise by Zhang Dongsun

作　　者：吴震[1] WU Zhen

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第2期13-25,共13页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“多卷本《宋明理学史新编》”(项目编号:17ZDA013)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：张东荪是中西哲学比较研究的先驱,他的中国哲学研究往往是基于其对西方哲学的理解之上的。他早期受实用主义本体论和柏格森生命哲学的影响,形成了历程即本体的所谓“我的本体观”;他后期开始注重知识社会学,并逐渐转入中国哲学领域。他认为中国本土思想中唯有老庄道家有形而上学,但汉以后道家哲学衰落,以至于形而上学在中国发生夭折,宋明理学的形而上学不过是受佛教形而上学的“刺激”而成,已不是正宗的中国哲学。从语言结构、语言形式等语言哲学的角度看,张东荪认为中国语言缺乏主语,也缺乏to be的言语构造,因而缺乏主体的观念,进而得出“中国哲学无本体论”的结论。及至晚年,张东荪甚至对中国有无哲学亦表示了质疑。要之,在语言、逻辑、哲学互相关联的组合中,语言对于哲学而言,具有基础性的意义,可以使哲学成为某种语言哲学;然而从语言哲学立场出发,其对现代中国哲学的重构是否成功,这在当今中国哲学界仍是值得省思的问题。Zhang Dongsun was a pioneer in the comparative study of Chinese and Western philosophise,and his study of Chinese philosophy was often based on his understanding of Western philosophy.In his early years,he was influenced by pragmatist ontology and Bergson’s philosophy of life,and formed the so-called“my ontology”,in which the journey is equivalent to ontology.In his later years he began to focus on the sociology of knowledge,and gradually shifted to the field of Chinese philosophy.He admitted that among the Chinese native thoughts,only Taoism had metaphysics;but after the Han Dynasty,Taoist philosophy declined,metaphysics was aborted in China as a consequence,and the metaphysics of Song and Ming philosophies was only“stimulated”by Buddhist metaphysics,which was no longer the authentic Chinese philosophy.From the point of view of language structure,language form and other aspects of language philosophy,Zhang Dongsun believed that the Chinese language lacked a subject,and also lacked t o be a verbal construction,and therefore lacked the concept of subject.He thereupon came to the conclusion that“there is no ontology in Chinese philosophy”.In his later years,Zhang Dongsun even questioned the existence of philosophy in China.To be sure,in the interrelated combination of language,logic and philosophy,whether language has a fundamental significance for philosophy,making philosophy a“philosophy”of a certain language such as the case of Chinese,and whether the reconstruction of modern Chinese philosophy from the standpoint of the philosophy of language has succeeded,are questions worthy of reflection in the Chinese philosophical community today.

关 键 词：张东荪 中国哲学 本体论 中国无哲学 

分 类 号：B26[哲学宗教—中国哲学]