“將軍印”名實考——以吾丘衍論斷爲切入點  

The"Generals'Seals"and Their Terminology,with Particular Reference to the Thesis of Wu Qiuyan(1268-1311)

作　　者：婁鈺杰 LOU Yujie

机构地区：[1]四川省藝術研究院

出　　处：《书法研究》2024年第1期91-112,196,共23页Chinese Calligraphy Studies

摘　　要：吾丘衍把“將軍印”和“朝爵印”做對比,提出了“朝爵印皆鑄,軍中印多鑿”的觀點,并用“擇日封拜”和“急于行令”解釋二者出現的原因,這一論斷影响至今。然而,存世的大量漢晋南北朝時期的官印鮮有鑄造,《漢書》等文獻中也多以“刻印”來記載。同一時期的實用官印、封泥并没有表現出因官職屬性的不同而呈现的明顯的風格差異。“封拜”作爲一種任命官職的必要程序,不僅屬于“朝爵”,對于武將的受職依然必不可少。“急”衹是影響印工發揮的一個外在因素,起决定作用的還是是書佐、印工的文字水平和熟練程度,軍中授予的印章還存在提前預製的可能。因此,“急于行令”并不是“將軍印”风格产生的原因,傳統“將軍印”的定義需要修改。“將軍印”在封泥中并未出現,它符合殉葬明器印的特徵,殉葬應是導致“將軍印”風格産生的直接原因。重新認識什麽是“將軍印”和“將軍印”是怎麽産生的這兩個問題,對于篆刻史無疑是有意義的。Wu Qiuyan(1268-131l)opposed the"generals'seals"to the"dignitaries'seals,"proposing that the latter were usually cast,whereas the former were often engraved.He attributed the emergence of these styles to the"conferment of posts on auspicious days"(zeri fengbai)for the dignitaries'seals,in contrast to"urgency in issuing military orders"(i yu xingling)for the generals'seals.This thesis has,historically,been very infuential,but archaeological discoveries from the Han(206 BCE-220),Jin(266-317)and Southern and Northern Dynasties(317-589)now indicate that the dignitaries'seals were,in fact,rarely cast,with historical documentation,such as the Book of the Former Han,recording them as"engraved seals"(keyin).The style of the seals of government officials and the specimens of sealing-clay from this era do not differ significantly according to the rank of the official.Conferment(fengbai)was also a necessary process for official appointments and often applied to the appointment of military posts,as well as to that of dignitaries.Lastly,"urgency"(i)was only a minor factor in the performance of the seal-engravers in charge of making the generals'seals;more decisive were the skills and proficiency of the clerks and copyists and of the seal-engravers themselves;indeed,it is possible that seals bestowed on military officials were pre-made."Urgency in issuing military orders,"therefore,did not determine the style of the generals'seals and their traditional definition must be revised.The generals'seals do not appear on specimens of sealing-clay and conform with the characteristics of seals used in funeral rites,indicating that,in reality,funeral practices determined their style.Are-examination of the nature of the generals'seals and their origins will contribute significantly to the history of seal-engraving.

关 键 词：“將軍印” 朝爵印 吾丘衍 殉葬印 

分 类 号：J292.4[艺术—美术]