数据产品经营权的生成逻辑与权利架构  

Generation Logic and Rights Structure of the Right to Operation of Data Products

作　　者：叶敏[1] 范馨允 Ye Min;Fan Xinyun

机构地区：[1]江南大学法学院

出　　处：《数字法治》2023年第6期158-174,共17页DIGITAL LAW

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“公共物品理论视角下企业数据权属及其民法保护研究”(项目编号:22BFX072)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：《中共中央、国务院关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》创新性地提出了数据产权分置架构设计,这是在充分考虑了数据不同于传统有形财产的共享性、正向反馈循环及准公共性等特征后进行的正确选择。但政策语言只有精确地转化为法律语言后才能有效地发挥制度功能,其中数据产品经营权是在数据产品化、数据要素市场化过程中最接近用户端、财产属性最强的权利类型,应当率先实现其权利化升级。从制度经济学角度分析,选择强制性制度变迁路径通过立法明确数据产品经营权的概念与法律地位是成本收益最优化的选择。在具体权利架构上,数据产品经营权的主体应设置为从事实际数据产品经营行为的商主体,客体范围应注意数据产品与前置权益的切割,权利内容应更类似于知识产权的构造,同时包括反不正当竞争意义上的消极权能。通过在先权利登记、专门交易场所、市场规则更新、配套金融创新的保障,配合个人合法民事权益保护、反垄断、反不正当竞争三个维度的必要限制,可以使数据产品经营权运行在有效平衡数据从业者与社会公众利益、促进数据要素市场稳定发展的轨道上。“Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Building a Data Infrastructure System to Better Play the Role of Data Elements”puts forward the innovative category-based structure of data property rights.It is a correct choice after fully considering data's characteristics of sharing,positive feedback loop and quasi-public nature,which are different from the characteristics of traditional tangible property.However,a policy could only play its role after its language is accurately transformed into legal language.Data are increasingly utilized as products and a market of data elements has taken shape,in this process,the right to operate data products is the one that is closest to the client end and owns the strongest property attributes.Therefore,it should be the first to be upgraded and treated as rights.From the perspective of institutional economics,the path of mandatory institutional change to define the concept and legal status of the right to operate data products through legislation is a most cost-effective choice.In terms of the specific structure,the subject of the right to operate data products should be the commercial entities actually engage in the operation of data products.When defining the object of this right,we need to separate data products from the pre-existing rights and interests.The content of this right should be more similar to intellectual property rights,meanwhile,it should also include the negative function of anti-unfair competition.On one hand,the right to operate data products should be supported by a series of measures such as prior rights registration,special trading venues,market rules update,and related financial innovation.On the other hand,it should be limited through three mechanisms of personal civil rights protection,anti-monopoly,and anti-unfair competition.In this way,the right to operate data products can effectively balance the rights of data industry practitioners and the public,as well as promote the steady development of t

关 键 词：数据产品经营权 强制性制度变迁 前置权益切割 数据不正当竞争 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]