二战结束以来美国婴幼儿托育制度的选择  

The Choice of Childcare System in the United States since World War II

作　　者：陈雪 阿芠媛 CHEN Xue;A Wen-yuan(School of Ethnology and Sociology,Yunnan University,Kunming 650091,China)

机构地区：[1]云南大学民族学与社会学学院,云南昆明650091

出　　处：《山东女子学院学报》2024年第2期134-144,F0002,共12页Journal of Shandong Women＇s University

摘　　要：美国托育制度将0~5岁年龄段的婴幼儿纳入其中。二战结束后,美国终止了战时公共托育中心的建设,开启了托育制度新的探索。年轻女性在劳动力市场的挤压和家庭重建的社会呼声中,从职场返回家庭,引发婚姻潮和婴儿潮,母亲成为家庭育儿责任的主要承担者。在20世纪60年代开启的第二波女性主义浪潮中,女性主义者们曾竭尽全力地将全民免费托育作为目标之一,但却在20世纪70年代初遭遇了失败。之后,美国托育制度形成了以市场化为主,政府福利补贴为辅的组合模式,以期向各个阶层家庭提供多样化的服务形式,同时却也不得不面对不同阶级、种族和群体获取托育资源不均的现实困境,以及局部区域的“托育沙漠”现象。女性主义者则在争取免费托育失败之后,将对托育制度的研究目光转向了承接托育工作的弱势群体。美国托育制度选择的过程,及其最终呈现的形式对我国托育制度的完善有借鉴意义。The American childcare system includes infants and young children from 0 to 5 years old.After the end of World War II,the United States terminated the construction of wartime public nurseries and opened a new exploration of nurseries.Young women,squeezed by the labor market and social calls for family reconstruction,are returning from the workplace to the family,triggering a marriage and baby boom.The mother becomes the main bearer of the family’s childcare.In the second wave of feminism that began in the 1960s,feminists tried their best to make universal free childcare one of the goals,but they met with failure in the early 1970s.After that,the American childcare system formed a combination model based on market childcare and supplemented by government welfare subsidies,in order to provide diverse service forms to families of all classes,but it had to face the dilemma of unequal access to childcare re-sources for different classes and ethnic groups,as well as the phenomenon of“childcare desert”in some regions.After the failure of fighting for free childcare,feminists turned their attention to the study of vul-nerable groups who undertake childcare work.The selection process and the final form of the childcare system in the United States are of reference significance to the perfection of the childcare system in China.

关 键 词：婴幼儿托育 女性主义 市场化 组合式托育制度 

分 类 号：C913.7[经济管理]