畤祭与山川祭祀关系刍议  

A Brief Discussion on the Relationship between Ancestral Sacrifice and Mountain Sacrifice

作　　者：陈博 袁登科 Chen Bo;Yuan Dengke

机构地区：[1]郑州大学考古与文化遗产学院,郑州450001 [2]中国社会科学院大学历史学院,北京102488

出　　处：《中国国家博物馆馆刊》2023年第12期46-55,共10页Journal of National Museum of China

摘　　要：畤祭与山川祭祀都是东周秦汉时期重要的国家祭祀活动。根据相关考古发现,畤祭与山川祭祀所采用的祭祀方法以及留存下的遗迹遗物具有许多相似的特点,也有文献记载可以说明二者之间存在长期的密切的联系。而此种联系在不同阶段应有不同的背景与意义。东周初年,秦人借鉴山川祭祀以及其它祭祀活动的礼仪规程创设了畤祭制度。此后,随着秦人扩张步伐,畤祭与山川祭祀因同样具有宣示领土控制和君主权威的理念,联系日益紧密。秦汉统一之后,以泰山封禅和五岳祭祀为代表,山川祭祀迎来重大变革,其背后来自畤祭的影响尤为显著。畤祭与山川祭祀的相伴发展贯穿秦人崛起至横扫天下,后经汉王朝终成天下一统的历史过程,就二者关系展开研究可以为考察由分封制向中央集权的发展过程,特别是其中礼仪制度和政治观念的变迁提供新的研究视角。Ancestral sacrifice and mountain sacrifice were both important state rituals during the Eastern Zhou,Qin and Han periods.According to archaeological discoveries,the methods and relics adopted by the two rites are similar in many ways,and there is also literature that indicates the existence of a close and long-standing connection between the two rites.This connection has different backgrounds and meanings at different stages.In the early years of the Eastern Zhou,the Qin created the ancestral sacrifice system by referring to the rituals of mountain sacrifices as well as other sacrificial activities.Thereafter,as the Qin expanded,the connection between the two rites grew stronger,as they shared the same concepts of territorial control and monarchical authority.After the unification during the Qin and Han dynasties,mountain sacrifice underwent a major transformation,represented by the Mount Tai Fengshan and the Five Mountains Sacrifices,behind which the influence of ancestral sacrifice was particularly significant.The relationship between ancestral sacrifice and mountain sacrifice developed throughout the historical process of the Qin’s rise to power and the ultimate unification by the Han dynasty.The study of this relationship can provide a new perspective for the examination of the development process from feudalism to centralization,in particular the changes in the ceremonial system and political concepts.

关 键 词：畤祭 山川祭祀 五岳祭祀 泰山封禅 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K225[历史地理—历史学] K232[哲学宗教—宗教学] B933