讲武之礼:明代大阅再探  

The rite of maritial:research on the Large-scale military parade of the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：马季 MA Ji(College of History,NanKai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院,天津300350

出　　处：《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第2期254-263,共10页Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“明代北京佛教研究”(22AZJ002),项目负责人:何孝荣。

摘　　要：大阅是中国古代帝王操练、检阅军队的一项军事礼仪,在国家政治、军事生活中占有重要地位。本文立足于具体的时空背景,对明代大阅特征进行考察,以求厘清明人对“大阅”的认知情况,并以此重新甄别明代大阅的形态、文本与实践的演变,以及在明代军、政中,大阅活动的作用、历史意义等。通过研究可知,明代大阅在文本上长期阙如,至隆庆时,礼臣远稽古礼,结合当时实际而制定。洪武、永乐时,大阅活动主要在战争过程中举行,军事性突出,然已出现“行礼”的自觉;宣德时,出现巡边阅视,其功能表现为一种武力威慑;正统、天顺、成化时,近郊西苑阅武发展,其规模与隆重程度减弱,振兴军事的功能有限;弘治、正德、嘉靖三朝,九十余年,大阅陷入停滞;隆庆、万历时,大阅上升至制度层面,走向鼎盛。大阅在明代被视为一种军事活动而非礼仪,但其“行礼”的色彩却不断增加,且与军、政息息相关,至万历九年,明廷举行最后一次大阅,大阅伴随明中后期改革的终止而不再举行。The Large-scale military parade is a military etiquette for the ancient Chinese emperors to exercise and review the army,occuping an important position in national politics and military life.This article is based on specific temporal and spatial backgrounds,examining the Ming Dynasty's Large-scale military parade and clarifying the Ming People's Understanding of“Large-scale military parade”,and based on this,re-examine the evolution of the form,text,and practice of the Ming Dynasty's Large-scale military parade,and the role and historical significance of the large-scale military parade activity in the military and political process of the Ming Dynasty,The text of military parade in the Ming Dynasty was lacking for a long time.Until the Longqing period,the ministers of the court reviewed the ancient rituals and formulated them at the right time.In practice,in Hong Yong period,the parade activities were mainly held in the course of the war,and the military nature was prominent,but there was already a sense of“saluting”.During the period of Ren Xuan,there was a parade in peacetime,and its function was a kind of deterrence by force;during the period of Zhengtong,Tianshun,and Chenghua,the military parade in the suburban Xiyuan developed,and the scale and grandness of the parade reduced.The functions are limited;In the three dynasties of Hongzhi,Zhengde and Jiajing,the military parade was stagnant for more than 90 years;during the Long Wan period,the military parade rose to the institutional level and reached its peak.In the Ming Dynasty,the military parade was regarded as a military activity rather than a ceremonial ceremony,but the color of“saluting”continued to increase,and it was closely related to the military and political affairs of the Ming Dynasty.In the ninth year of Wanli(1581),the Ming court held the last military parade.The military parade was no longer held with the termination of the reforms in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

关 键 词：大阅 《明集礼》 军事振兴 武力威慑 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]