帝国时期普鲁士乡村治理的转型  

The Transformation of Prussian Rural Governance During the German Empire

作　　者：岳伟[1] YUE Wei

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院,武汉430079

出　　处：《经济社会史评论》2024年第1期51-69,126,127,共21页Economic and Social History Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“德国工业化和城市化进程中的乡村治理研究”(18ASS07)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：18世纪普鲁士盛行农奴制,国家既与领主结盟,又限制领主过度压榨农奴。19世纪上半叶王权下探,领主交出部分权力,乡镇自治获得法律承认,但领主在县长任命、乡村治安等领域仍保有特权,东部、北部乡镇也未获得自治权。1871年后,普鲁士王家政府意识到乡村治理随着农奴解放必须调整,制定了针对东部、北部省份的县级和乡镇条例。这些条例通过警察国家化、县长专业化、扩大资产阶级和农民参与权,在规范乡村自治的同时确立了国家的权威,促进了乡村治理体系的现代转型。县镇条例实施后,以容克地主为代表的大地主仍在乡村治理中占有明显优势。In the 18th century,the serfdom was prevalent in Prussia,where the state formed an alliance with the lords and restricted their excessive exploitation of serfs.In the first half of the 19th century,royal power extended to the grass-roots level,with lords surrendering some of their power.The Autonomy of Landgemeinde was recognized by law,but lords still retained privileges in areas such as county magistrate appointments and rural security,and Landgemeinde in the eastern and northern regions did not receive autonomy.After 1871,the Prussian royal government realized that rural governance must be adjusted with the emancipation of serfs,and formulated county and Landgemeinde regulations for the eastern and northern provinces.These regulations normalized rural autonomy and established the authority of the state by nationalizing the police,professionalizing county magistrates,and expanding the participation rights of the bourgeoisie and peasants,thus promoting the modern transformation of the rural governance system.After the implementation of the county and Landgemeinde regulations,large landowners represented by Junkers still had a significant advantage in rural governance.

关 键 词：德意志帝国 普鲁士 《县级条例》 《乡镇条例》 乡村治理 

分 类 号：D751.6[政治法律—政治学]