等氮量有机替代水稻种植对水土环境和农学效应的影响  

Effects of equal nitrogen organic substitution rice planting on soil and water environment and agronomic effects

作　　者：付斌[1,2] 王炽 胡万里[1,2] 闫辉 倪明[1,2] 李枝武 陈兴位[1,2] 陈安强 金平忠[3] 姬为军 FU Bin;WANG Chi;HU Wan-li;YAN Hui;NI Ming;LI Zhi-wu;CHEN Xing-wei;CHEN An-qiang;JIN Ping-zhong;JI Wei-jun(Agricultural Resources and Environment Institute,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Kunming,Yunnan 650205,China;Malong Red Soil Conservation and Soil Erosion of Sloping Farmland,Observation and Research Sta‐tion of Yunnan,Kunming,Yunnan 650205,China;Eryuan Agricultural Environmental Protection Monitoring Station,Dali,Yunnan 671200,China;Dali Erhai Ecological Agriculture Investment Co.,Ltd.,Dali,Yunnan 671000,China)

机构地区：[1]云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所,云南昆明650205 [2]马龙红壤坡耕地保育与水土流失云南省野外科学观测研究站,云南昆明650205 [3]洱源县农业环境保护监测站,云南大理671200 [4]大理市环洱海生态农业投资有限责任公司,云南大理671000

出　　处：《南方农业学报》2023年第11期3198-3205,共8页Journal of Southern Agriculture

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0800502);云南省重大科技专项(202102AE090032);云南省野外科学研究站建设专项(202205AM070002);云南省高层次科技人才及创新团队选拔专项(202305AS350013)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究等氮量有机替代在水稻生产中对水土环境和农学效应的影响,筛选适合高原湖泊流域农业生产的有机替代方式,为防控农业面源污染提供技术支持。【方法】在洱海流域进行等氮量有机替代水稻种植田间试验,设不施肥处理(CK)、等氮量100%化学氮肥处理(CF)、等氮量50%有机肥+50%化学氮肥处理(FM)和等氮量100%有机肥处理(CM)。系统分析水稻生育期内田面水和土壤无机氮浓度动态变化特征,以及水稻产量和氮素养分利用农学效应。【结果】水稻返青期(移栽后0~7 d)是防止田面水氮素流失的关键风险期,各处理田面水铵态氮浓度峰值排序为FM(20.92mg/L)>CF(20.07mg/L)>CM(8.60mg/L)>CK(6.82mg/L),田面水硝态氮浓度峰值排序为CM(5.83 mg/L)>CF(3.63 mg/L)>CK(3.14 mg/L)>FM(2.98 mg/L)。全量有机替代CM处理相比单施化肥CF处理降低水稻返青期田面水铵态氮浓度42.23%,增加硝态氮浓度134.11%。水稻孕穗期(移栽后31~60 d)是水稻土硝态氮淋溶流失的关键风险期,水稻土硝态氮平均含量:CF(11.37 mg/kg)>CM(10.66 mg/kg)>FM(8.71 mg/kg)>CK(7.11mg/kg),等氮量有机无机配施明显降低土壤硝态氮含量,FM处理分别较CF和CM处理降低23.39%和18.29%。等氮量有机替代的FM和CM处理相比单施化肥CF处理提高水稻籽粒产量和籽粒吸氮量,FM处理增幅分别为9.30%和45.28%,CM处理增幅分别为7.85%和16.51%;等氮量有机替代(CM和FM处理)显著提高水稻氮肥贡献率(增幅31.83%和37.20%)和氮肥农学效率(增幅42.22%和50.00%)(P<0.05)。【结论】等氮量50%有机肥+50%化学氮肥可减少尿素施用量,稳定水稻生产,提高氮肥利用效率,同时降低稻田氮素流失风险。【Objective】The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of equal nitrogen organic substitution on soil and water environment and agronomic effects in rice production,to screen the organic substitution methods suitable for agricultural production in plateau lake basin,and to provide technical support for the prevention and control of agricul‐tural non-point source pollution.【Method】The field experiment of equal nitrogen organic substitution rice planting was carried out in Erhai Lake Basin.The field experiment was conducted to set up four treatments:no fertilizer treatment(CK),equal nitrogen 100%chemical nitrogen fertilizer treatment(CF),equal nitrogen 50%organic fertilizer+50%chemical nitrogen fertilizer treatment(FM)and equal nitrogen 100%organic fertilizer treatment(CM).Characteristics of dynamic changes of inorganic nitrogen concentration in field surface water and paddy soil during rice growth period and the agronomic effects of rice yield and nitrogen nutrient utilization were systematically analyzed.【Result】The regreening stage of rice(0-7 d after transplanting)was the key risk period to prevent nitrogen loss from field surface water.The peak value of ammonium nitrogen concentrarion in field surface water was FM(20.92 mg/L)>CF(20.07 mg/L)>CM(8.60 mg/L)>CK(6.82 mg/L).The peak value of nitrate nitrogen concentration in field surface water was CM(5.83 mg/L)>CF(3.63 mg/L)>CK(3.14 mg/L)>FM(2.98 mg/L).Compared with CF treatment of single application of chemical fertilizer,total organic substitution of CM treatment reduced the concentration of ammonium nitrogen at the regreening stage of rice in field surface water by 42.23%and increased the concentration of nitrate nitrogen by 134.11%.The booting stage of rice(31-60 d after transplanting)was the key risk period for the leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen in paddy soil.The average content of nitrate nitrogen in paddy soil was CF(11.37 mg/kg)>CM(10.66 mg/kg)>FM(8.71 mg/kg)>CK(7.11 mg/kg).The combined application of organic and inorganic equal

关 键 词：有机替代 水稻种植 水土环境 农学效应 

分 类 号：S141.4[农业科学—肥料学]