“稻-稻-油”生产模式下短生育期冬油菜品种选育与推广现状分析  

Current Situation of Breeding and Popularization of Short-Growth-Period Winter Rapeseed Varieties for Rice-Rice-Rapeseed Mode

作　　者：李荣德 何平[2] 罗莉霞[2] 史梦雅[1] 侯乾 马振国 郭瑞星[2] 成洪涛 LI RongDe;HE Ping;LUO LiXia;SHI MengYa;HOU Qian;MA ZhenGuo;GUO RuiXing;CHENG HongTao(National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center,Beijing 100125;Oil Crops Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan 430062)

机构地区：[1]全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京100125 [2]中国农业科学院油料作物研究所/农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,武汉430062

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第5期846-854,共9页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家科技创新2030重大项目(2022ZD0400901);中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI);中国农业科学院油料作物研究所所级重点任务(CAAS-OCRI-ZDRW-202102)。

摘　　要：近年来,我国食用植物油自给率不到31%,进口依赖度高。油菜是唯一的冬季油料作物,适宜种植区域广泛,是我国重要的食用植物油来源。扩种油菜是保障国家食用油安全的重要举措。充分利用南方双季稻区冬闲田,推广“稻-稻-油”三熟制生产模式是扩种油菜的重要途径。适宜“稻-稻-油”生产模式的区域主要分布在我国湖南、江西、广西和湖北等省的双季稻区,约有187万hm^(2)的潜力面积。根据温光资源条件,3个适宜区域即温光资源宽松区、温光资源紧平衡区和温光资源约束区均要求油菜品种生育期在180 d左右,10月中下旬播种,4月中下旬收获,才能适宜南方双季稻接茬。从2013年到2022年国家油菜品种试验情况来看,共有75个油菜新品种参加早熟组试验,平均生育期为169.3—185.3 d,平均单产1 635.90—2 228.55 kg·hm^(-2),其中,有22个品种增产显著。截至2023年5月底,登记生育期在190 d以内,适宜在“稻-稻-油”模式区域种植的短生育期冬油菜品种共有72个,均为甘蓝型双低油菜品种,以杂交品种为主。在品种推广应用上,经相关省份调查,阳光131、丰油730、沣油320、沣油847、赣油杂906、圣光127、湘油420、景油69、沣油112、华油杂652、赣油杂1009等11个品种在“稻-稻-油”生产区有较大的推广应用面积,在2022年的推广面积均为135 hm^(2)以上。现有品种的生育期能够基本满足温光资源宽松区的要求,但在温光资源紧平衡区和约束区生育期仍然偏长。聚焦油菜扩种增产增效,未来还需要强化政策资金保障,组织开展短生育期冬油菜品种培育联合攻关,提高温光资源宽松区品种的产量,缩短温光资源紧平衡区和约束区品种的生育期。同时,还需加强短生育期油菜品种良种良法配套技术的研究与推广,做好早稻、晚稻和油菜品种的搭配,从完善农业社会化服务、扩展油菜种植农业保险、增加�The self-sufficiency rate of edible vegetable oil is less than 31 percent in China,with a high degree of import dependence.Rapeseed is the only winter oilseed crop with a wide range of suitable planting region,and it is an important source of edible vegetable oil in China.Planting more rapeseed is an important measure to guarantee national edible oil supply security.Making full use of the winter fields in the southern double cropping rice area to promote“rice-rice-rapeseed”production is an important approach to expand the planting area of rapeseed.The area suitable for the“rice-rice-rapeseed”production mode is mainly distributed in the double cropping rice area of Hunan,Jiangxi,Guangxi and Hubei provinces in China,with a potential area of about 1.87 million hm^(2).According to the conditions of temperature and light resources,three suitable areas for the“rice-rice-rapeseed”production include the ample area,tightly balanced area and the constrained area.All the areas require early-maturing rapeseed varieties with a growth period of around 180 days,which are suitable for being sown in mid-to late October and harvested in mid-to late April.Among a total of 75 new rapeseed lines participated in the early-maturity group of the national rapeseed variety trials from 2013 to 2022,the average growth period ranged from 169.3 to 185.5 days,and the average yield was 1635.90-2228.55 kg·hm^(-2),with 22 varieties out yielded the check variety.There are 72 early-maturing winter oilseed rape varieties with a growth period less than 190 days were registered by the end of May 2023.These varieties are suitable to be used in the“rice-rice-rapeseed”mode,and most of them are hybrid varieties with low erucic acid and low glucosinolate quality.11 varieties,Yangguang 131,Fengyou 730,Fengyou 320,Fengyou 847,Ganyouza 906,Shengguang 127,Xiangyou 420,Jingyou 69,Fengyou 112,Huayouza 652,Ganyouza 1009,are the most promoted and applied early-maturing winter rapeseed varieties in the“rice-rice-rapeseed”production area,with mo

关 键 词：“稻-稻-油”生产模式 短生育期 冬油菜 选育推广 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]