先行行为保证人范围限制:以自我负责原理为要旨  

Limitation on the Scope of Guarantors of Prior Acts:the Principle of Self-Responsibility is the Main Point

作　　者：罗鸿燊 Luo Hongshen

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心

出　　处：《南大法学》2024年第2期82-101,共20页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)“立法活性化和精细化下的表面构成要件要素研究”(项目编号:22XNH020)之阶段性成果。

摘　　要：学理对先行行为保证人范围的限制思路,主要借用了犯罪论体系中构成要件符合性和违法性阻却事由两个层面的不法归属原理。先行行为无须遵循客观归责中的风险创设和实现原理,否则先行行为将被植入用来实现积极一般预防的行为规范,使之面临不合理的双重规范构造、拟制过失犯罪及其规范目的,该保证人类型陷入无适用空间的三重困境。加之,危险发源于行为人组织范围之中,且危险发生后行为人认识到相应情状,故也没有容许风险的适用空间。自我负责原则先于刑法塑造了社会格局和交往关系,所以完全自由的第三人以故意或者过失介入先行行为之风险,足以排除先行行为人的保证人地位。无须通过行为客观面区分被害人的自我危险参与和基于合意他者危险化。从被害人是否掌握风险信息的优势认知,以及规范对该信息获悉义务在行为人与被害人间的分配,即可判断其是否接受危险,阻却先行行为人保证人地位。The theoretical approach to limiting the scope of the guarantor of prior acts mainly borrows the principles of illegal attribution from two levels of the criminal theory system:the conformity of constituent elements and the obstruction of illegality.The prior act does not need to follow the principles of risk creation and implementation in objective attribution of responsibility.Otherwise,the prior act will be implanted with behavioral norms to achieve positive general prevention,leading to an unreasonable dual structure,the fabrication of negligent crimes,and their regulatory purposes,causing the guarantor type to fall into a triple dilemma of no applicable space.Furthermore,the danger arises within the scope of the perpetrator's organization,and after the danger occurs,the perpetrator becomes aware of the corresponding situation,so there is no room for allowing the risk to apply.The principle of self responsibility predates Criminal Law in shaping social patterns and social relationships,so the risk of intentional or negligent intervention by a completely free third party in the prior act is sufficient to exclude the guarantor status of the prior act.There is no need to distinguish between the victim's self dangerous participation and the risk based on consensual others through objective behavior.From the subjective perspective of whether the victim has an advantage in risk perception,as well as regulating the allocation of the obligation to obtain risk information,it can be determined whether they accept the danger and hinder the guarantor's status as the prior actor.

关 键 词：先行行为 客观归责 容许的风险 溯及禁止 危险接受 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]