如何从宪法文本中获取宪法规范?  

How to Derive Constitutional Norms from Constitutional Text?

作　　者：崇文瑞 Chong Wenrui

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2024年第2期102-118,共17页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：宪法论证是以证成宪法判断为目的进行的论证工作,宪法规范是作出宪法判断的规范前提,但宪法文本与宪法规范并不等同,研究如何从宪法文本中获取宪法规范对宪法解释具有重要意义。以规范设定的法律地位为标准,可将规范分为两组、八种规范类型,该规范分类有助于解释者从宪法文本中获取宪法规范。基本权利条款以连锁规范的形式发挥规范作用,防御功能解释表现为“国家义务规范+国家无权规范”的规范结构,保护功能解释表现为“国家义务规范+国家义务规范”的规范结构。国家机关的地位条款应被解释为施加职权分工义务的规范。授权规范长期被公法学界忽视,其内容是,认定主体作出的特定行为将造成一定规范性变动。我国宪法中规定“权力”“职权”“权”的条款并不当然表达授予职权的意义;需要区分国家机构的许可职权与权能职权。文献对国家目标条款存在不同解读,解读的差异表现为,将相同的条款解释为不同主体、不同法律地位或不同行为的规范。Constitutional argumentation is a form of argumentation conducted to justify constitutional judgments,and constitutional norms are normative prerequisites for constitutional judgments.However,constitutional text and constitutional norms are not equivalent.Research on how to derive constitutional norms from constitutional text holds significant importance in constitutional interpretation.Using legal positions established by norms as the criterion,norms can be categorized into two groups,comprising eight norm types.The classification assists interpreters in deriving constitutional norms from constitutional text.Fundamental rights clauses operate in the form of interlinked norms,where the interpretation of defensive function adopts a normative structure of“state duty-imposing norms+state disability-imposing norms”and the interpretation of protective function adopts a normative structure of“state duty-imposing norms+state duty-imposing norms”.The provisions regarding the status of state organs should be interpreted as expressing obligations related to the division of powers.The“power-conferring norms”or“competence-conferring norms”has long been overlooked in the field of public law;it represents a kind of norm that given acts performed by subjects count as causing specific normative changes.Provisions in the Constitution related to power,function and power,and right may not necessarily convey the meaning of granting functions and powers;it is essential to divide functions and powers into permission and competence.There are different interpretations of national goal provisions in the preamble and chapter I of the Constitution,these differences derive from interpreting the same provision as different norm subjects,legal positions or norm acts.

关 键 词：宪法文本 宪法规范 基本权利条款 国家机构条款 授权规范 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]