九品官人法研究:以一品并非虚设为中心  

A Study of the Nine-Rank System:Focusing on the First Rank Not Being Nominal

作　　者：杨恩玉 Yang Enyu

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学历史文化学院,山东曲阜273165

出　　处：《文史哲》2024年第2期74-85,166,167,共14页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学基金项目“魏晋南北朝社会阶层研究”(17BZS009)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：国内学者多认为,九品官人法之一品虚设。事实似乎并非如此。其一,乡品一品为虚设的理论根据,是学者认为九品官人法的分类方法与标准源自班固的《古今人表》。而事实上,九品官人法的具体内容不是源自《古今人表》,而是源于《周礼》《礼记》与《左传》的有关记载。其二,魏晋时期起家官品与乡品、官品晋升与乡品、乡品评定与父祖官品等诸多关系,决定了一品实际存在的可能性与必要性,即乡品一品者才有资格升至一品官位,一品官的子孙与宗室子弟能被评为一品,他们皆从五品官起家足资证明。由于二品膨胀和西晋朝廷“以二品系资”的影响,宫崎市定的起家官品比乡品低四等的论断,仅适用于曹魏和西晋前期。其三,多种典籍均记载,魏晋、后赵与北魏都存在着乡品九等,乡品“二品以上”的大量史料,琴品、棋品、书品、画品的一品与九个等级,更佐证乡品一品和九等的实际存在。Many Chinese scholars believe that the first rank of nine-rank system is just nominal post.Yet it is not the case.First,nine-rank system is not derived from Ban Gus“Table of Ancient and Contemporary People”,but from the Rites of Zhou,the Book of Rites,and Zuo Zhuan.Secondly,the relationships of rural rank and the first official rank,promotion of official rank and rural rank,evaluation of rural rank and father's and grandfather's rural rank during the Wei and Western Jin period determine that there is necessity for existence of the first rural rank.Officials who got the rural first rank are eligible to rise to the first rank official posts,offspring of the first rank officials and the royal clans can being evaluated the first rank because their first officials all are the fifth rank.Due to the influence of the expansion of the second rural rank and“being eligible on second-rank”in the Western Jin,Ichisada Miyazaki's judgment that the starting official's rank is four rank lower than their rural rank is only applicable to Cao Wei and the early Western Jin.Thirdly,a variety of books display that there are nine grades of rural rank during Cao Wei,Western Jin,Shi Zhao and the Northern Wei,the actual existence of large number of historical data about“over the second rural rank”and the first rank and nine grades of piano,chess,calligraphy and painting fully prove that the first rank and nine grades of rural rank actually exists.

关 键 词：九品官人法 乡品一品 官品 

分 类 号：D691.2[政治法律—政治学] K235[政治法律—中外政治制度]