解构与重构:走出“法律儒家化”的概念窠臼  

Deconstruction and Reconstruction:Out of the Conceptual Stereotype of“Confucianization of Law”

作　　者：孙康 Sun Kang

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院 [2]山东大学习近平法治思想研究中心,山东青岛266237

出　　处：《文史哲》2024年第2期86-101,167,共17页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：国家社科基金特别委托项目“革命根据地法律史研究(19211949)”(23@ZH001);教育部国家人权教育与培训基地重大项目“中国传统文化与当代人权话语体系的构建研究”(18JJD820005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“法律儒家化”是对儒学社会科学化的一次宝贵探索,但最好只被视为一种假说。儒家思想调和法律,提倡仁政,特别是以恤刑替代酷刑,既稳固统治秩序,亦回应社会需求。统治者主要从儒家思想中撷取了“亲亲尊尊”的伦理等级制作为治国理政的本体手段,并把恤刑、慎杀等仁政措施作为柔和统治的辅助手段。然而任何具有“儒家化”色彩的法律条款,只要涉及危害专制皇权,都将直接失灵。法律儒家化夸大了儒家而遮蔽了其他诸子思想对中国古代法律的影响,所谓“法律儒家化”的真相是中国古代立法仅吸纳了儒家思想的部分内容。先秦儒家思想在进入法律之过程中很大程度上被异化。此外,中国古代立法还广泛吸收其他诸子思想,例如对伦理等级的维护并不独归功于儒家,恤刑慎杀的观念也汲取了阴阳、黄老等各家思想精华。应充分认识中国古代法律思想特别是立法思想的多元化特点,公允地重审法律儒家化在世界学术史上的地位与影响,致力于推动中国法律史理论的迭代更新。“Confucianization of law”is a valuable exploration of the social scientifization of Confucianism,but it is best regarded as a hypothesis.Confucianism harmonized the statutes and advocated benevolent governance,especially prudential punishment instead of torture,both to stabilize the ruling order and to respond to social needs.The rulers mainly took the ethical hierarchy of kinship and respect from Confucianism as the main means of governing the country,and the benevolent measures such as prudential punishment and discreet death penalty as the auxiliary means of soft rule.However,any legal provision with a Confucian color will directly fail as long as it involves endangering the autocratic imperial power.In addition,Confucianization of law exaggerates the influence of Confucianism and conceals the influence of other schools on the ancient Chinese law.The truth of the so-called“Confucianization of law”is that ancient Chinese legislation only absorbed part of Confucian content.Pre-Qin Confucianism was alienated to a great extent in the process of entering the statutes.In addition,ancient Chinese legislation also absorbed a wide range of other ideas.For example,the maintenance of ethical hierarchy is not exclusive to Confucianism,the concept of prudential punishment and discreet death penalty also absorbed the essence of Yin-Yang and Huang-Lao thoughts.We should understand the pluralistic characteristics of the ancient Chinese legal thought,especially the legislative thought,and review the status and influence of Confucianization of law in the academic history fairly and justly.

关 键 词：法律儒家化 守法儒家化 法律法家化 法典伦理化 概念窠臼 

分 类 号：D909.2[政治法律—法学理论] B222[政治法律—法学]